Islamic extremists believe that the only governmen Essays - Islam

Islamic extremists believe that the only government should be the one controlled by their god, and the only laws in place should be those that are laid out in the Qur'an and the Hadith. Because of this, they believe that democracy, liberalism, human rights, personal freedom, international law, and international instructions are illegal, and go against god. Western society happens to go against these beliefs in just about as many ways as possible, causing Islamic extremists to target western societies. This is especially true for the United States, who is recognized by jihadis as the center of liberalism and democracy, things that islamic extremists don't want to spread. Islamic extremists, because of their warped world view believe that it is their duty to rid the earth of democracy or it will destroy true Islam. Their thoughts are filled with violence, and they are taught that the conflict between the United States and Islam is part of a universal struggle between good and evil, truth and falsehood, belief and infidelity that has been going on since the beginning of time. They do not believe that their problems with the western world can be resolved with peace, but believe violence to be the only true solution. Extremists are even taught that if they die fighting for the end of democracy they will be guaranteed a spot in a "paradise of unimaginable delights". Overall, Islamic extremists are taught to hate anything and everything that goes against their religious doctrine, the Qur'an and the Hadith. They think it is the only system of law or government there should be in the world. Western society goes against these traditions in almost every way possible, supporting women's rights, accepting homosexuality, and using secular democracy. This causes them to hate us deeply, as they are taught from birth that western people and society is the infidel, and must be killed to prevent the destruction of true Islam.

Free Essays on Global Citizenship

â€Å"A woman down in the valley began to scream. It was a wild and terrible sound †¦ Silence followed for as long as it takes to fill lungs with air †¦ before the woman’s breath broke, other voices joined in† (Gourevitch, 1998: 33). In Rwanda, there is a certain responsibility one has to their neighbors. When someone is in danger, they begin to whoop. This is the â€Å"conventional distress signal.† When you hear it, you have a responsibility to whoop also, find whoever is in danger, and help save them from it. â€Å"If you ignored this crying, you would have questions to answer† (34). Under common law in the United States, any person who went to help an individual who was in danger could be sued for any negligence or carelessness committed during the rescue attempt. A very common example is a person moving someone from a severe car wreck that may lead to an explosion. During the move, the victim becomes paralyzed. The victim then could sue his rescuer for paralyzing him, though his life may have been saved by this hasty move. Situations like this discouraged people from helping their neighbors in a time a trouble. Now in many states, Good Samaritan Legislation has been passed to safe guard the rescuer who is only trying to help. Under such statutes, even if the rescue attempt is â€Å"less than perfect, the helping person cannot be sued for additional injuries which he or she might cause† (Pennsylvania Emergency Health Services Council, 2002). The passing of this legislation, along with Rwandan tradition, shows that as human beings we have an ethical obligation to those who we know are in danger. So, should we be responsible to help only those cries of help that we can hear? We live in a shrinking world where the affairs of one country easily effect many others. In this shrinking world, we are also more interconnected through mass media, the Internet, and travel. That being established, it is possible to hea... Free Essays on Global Citizenship Free Essays on Global Citizenship â€Å"A woman down in the valley began to scream. It was a wild and terrible sound †¦ Silence followed for as long as it takes to fill lungs with air †¦ before the woman’s breath broke, other voices joined in† (Gourevitch, 1998: 33). In Rwanda, there is a certain responsibility one has to their neighbors. When someone is in danger, they begin to whoop. This is the â€Å"conventional distress signal.† When you hear it, you have a responsibility to whoop also, find whoever is in danger, and help save them from it. â€Å"If you ignored this crying, you would have questions to answer† (34). Under common law in the United States, any person who went to help an individual who was in danger could be sued for any negligence or carelessness committed during the rescue attempt. A very common example is a person moving someone from a severe car wreck that may lead to an explosion. During the move, the victim becomes paralyzed. The victim then could sue his rescuer for paralyzing him, though his life may have been saved by this hasty move. Situations like this discouraged people from helping their neighbors in a time a trouble. Now in many states, Good Samaritan Legislation has been passed to safe guard the rescuer who is only trying to help. Under such statutes, even if the rescue attempt is â€Å"less than perfect, the helping person cannot be sued for additional injuries which he or she might cause† (Pennsylvania Emergency Health Services Council, 2002). The passing of this legislation, along with Rwandan tradition, shows that as human beings we have an ethical obligation to those who we know are in danger. So, should we be responsible to help only those cries of help that we can hear? We live in a shrinking world where the affairs of one country easily effect many others. In this shrinking world, we are also more interconnected through mass media, the Internet, and travel. That being established, it is possible to hea...

Gratitude as a Ritual Expressing Thanks on Thanksgiving

Gratitude as a Ritual Expressing Thanks on Thanksgiving What do you think of when you think of â€Å"rituals†? For me, the word conjures up Shabbat dinners, Passover seders, and lighting the Hannukah menorah. Growing up in a Jewish household, we observed these rituals at the proper time on the calendar, and I always found they were an opportunity to take a step back from the other routines of life and reflect on the theme of the holiday. With Thanksgiving coming, many of us are preparing for a popular ritual: A big dinner, likely comprised of turkey (or Tofurkey), cranberry sauce and pumpkin pie, amongst other goodies. In the air is a general sense that the theme is gratitude. But do you actually take time to express your gratitude on Thanksgiving, or do you just stuff yourself silly? And do you find yourself uplifted during this season, or like so many, do sadness and anxiety creep in? Expressing Thanks on Thanksgiving In my family, we usually go around the Thanksgiving table at some point and each say something we’re grateful for. I like this ritual. Expressing gratitude is scientifically proven through positive psychology research to increase happiness. It gives us a sense of our own goodness (it’s sure more self-affirming than complaining!) as well as a recognition of the good things around us. I have noticed that there’s often a level of discomfort in expressing gratitude publicly, even amongst family. But everyone still does it and I always feel more connected with the family after we express our gratitude. People often give thanks for food and health, for something that has happened in the past, or for being safe given specific world events. This year, the sense of gratitude will be very real given that I will be with my sister’s in-laws who have family in Puerto Rico. It occurs to me that there is also a deeper level we can reach: a direct personal expression. I’m inspired this year to bring a deeper aspect of gratitude to our Thanksgiving ritual. A New Gratitude Ritual? There’s a video series on the Science of Happiness that came out in 2013 and that for some reason I just saw for the first time last week. The experiment in the video was based, I believe, on research by Martis E.P. Seligman, who found that people who wrote and delivered letters of gratitude exhibited a huge increase in happiness compared to a control group. In the video, individuals were asked to write a letter to a person who influenced them and then to read it to that person. Before and after the exercise, their happiness was tested. Overall, there was a strong trend toward more happiness after the individuals read their letters to their recipients. This has me thinking, what if we take time this Thanksgiving to appreciate someone in the room who has made a difference in our lives, in addition to the standard things we’re grateful for? To me, that will make for an even more memorable Thanksgiving and will likely start out my holiday season- and the holidays of anyone who participates- with a higher happiness quotient. What’s in Your Gratitude Basket? What are you grateful for this holiday season? Who will be at your Thanksgiving table to whom you want to offer gratitude for the way they’ve influenced your life? Are you willing to go the extra step to express your feelings to them? And if you won’t be with someone who fits that category, would you be willing to write a letter and read it to the recipient? Let’s get the gratitude ball rolling, and bring it into all aspects of our lives. Into our home, our relationships, and our workplaces. The science shows we’ll all have more well-being, motivation, and overall success. In that spirit, thank you for reading my blog week after week, letting me know I make a difference, and inspiring me to bring my thoughts and creativity to life. You give me a weekly boost in my own gratitude and happiness. Thank you and enjoy your Thanksgiving ritual! Did you enjoy this article? Sign up for my Life and Leadership e-list for more inspiring articles like this one.

Great Gatsby Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Great Gatsby - Research Paper Example The American dream of earning money for a decent life was violated by Gatsby as he used his money casually to throw extravagant parties to impress Daisy. He refused to come out of his past and believed that Daisy has always loved only him and not her husband. This novel depicts the violation of American dream in the 1920s through the character of Gatsby. He grew up in poverty and reached a life of opulence with a huge house, car and servants. With his self acquired wealth and social status he could develop in himself a completely different personality from his unprivileged past. The wealthy Americans of 1920s are signified by Gatsby who flaunts his money extravagantly as was depicted by his lavish parties. In the beginning of his life, Gatsby could represent American dream because like any other American he took nurtured the dream of earning money. Later in life, he differs from the other newly rich Americans in a way that he earned his money in dishonorable ways. The main idea of Am erican dream is to earn money through hard work and Gatsby failed to do so. In order to earn the love of Daisy, he obtained big house, car and other material possessions. American dream is an idea of pursuing happiness and this was violated by Gatsby as he pursued mere wealth. Gatsby depicts a character who used to harbor mythicised dreams of achievement and success that can be gained with money. He had the endless desire of going back to the past by craving for Daisy whom he almost married in the past. America’s multiple identities are shown in the character Gatsby. American culture believes in recreating by setting alongside any doubts about the... This novel depicts the violation of American dream in the 1920s through the character of Gatsby. He grew up in poverty and reached a life of opulence with a huge house, car and servants. With his self-acquired wealth and social status, he could develop in himself a completely different personality from his unprivileged past. The wealthy Americans of the 1920s are signified by Gatsby who flaunts his money extravagantly as was depicted by his lavish parties. In the beginning of his life, Gatsby could represent American dream because like any other American he took nurtured the dream of earning money. Later in life, he differs from the other newly rich Americans in a way that he earned his money in dishonorable ways. The main idea of the American dream is to earn money through hard work and Gatsby failed to do so. In order to earn the love of Daisy, he obtained big house, car, and other material possessions. The American dream is an idea of pursuing happiness and this was violated by Ga tsby as he pursued mere wealth. Gatsby depicts a character who used to harbor mythicised dreams of achievement and success that can be gained with money. He had the endless desire of going back to the past by craving for Daisy whom he almost married in the past. America’s multiple identities are shown in the character Gatsby. American culture believes in recreating by setting alongside any doubts about the reality of such a concept.

Chp 24 dis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chp 24 dis - Essay Example or and the promisee), the amount of consideration (money) to be paid, terms of payment (include date of payment or how the payment is to be made) and in case of interest, then it is also indicated in the note. The above are the conditions and instructions present in a promissory note and after it is signed, it is considered legally binding (Miller and Jentz, 394). In the above mentioned case, even though the defendants were acting only as agents of the real promisor who is Sunshine Sales Corp., the promissory note that they signed did not indicate that and hence they are the once considered to be the promisor in this situation. The defendants indicate that a bank officer promised to type the name but they have no witnesses or evidence of such a conversation and hence it cannot hold water in a court of law. They are therefore liable on the notes and all the evidence from the promissory notes states that. If only they had indicated the name of Sunshine Sales Corp. or they had waited until the name was indicated by the bank officer, then they would not be liable as they are

MidTerm Study Guide Essay Example for Free

MidTerm Study Guide Essay The Midterm Exam is open book, open notes. The maximum time you can spend in the exam is 3 hours. If you have not clicked the Submit For Grade button by then, you will be automatically exited from the exam. In the Midterm Exam environment, the Windows clipboard is disabled, so you will not be able to copy exam questions or answers to or from other applications. 2. You should click the Save Answers button in the exam frequently. This helps prevent connection timeouts that might occur with certain Internet Service Providers, and also minimizes lost answers in the event of connection problems. If your Internet connection does break, when you reconnect, you will normally be able to get back into your Midterm Exam without any trouble. Remember, though, that the exam timer continues to run while students are disconnected, so students should try to re-login as quickly as possible. The Help Desk cannot grant any student additional time on the exam. 3. See the Syllabus Due Dates for Assignments Exams for due date information. 4. Reminders You will only be able to enter your online Midterm Exam one time. Click the Save Answers button often. If you lose your Internet connection during your Midterm Exam, logon again and try to access it. If you are unable to enter the Midterm Exam, first contact the Help Desk and then your instructor. You will always be able to see the time remaining in the Midterm Exam at the top right of the page. 5. Assessments with Multiple Pages Make sure you click the Save Answers button before advancing to the next page (we also suggest clicking on Save Answers while you are working). Complete all of the pages before submitting your Midterm Exam for instructor review. Do NOT use your browsers Back and Forward buttons during the Midterm Exam. Please use the provided links for navigation. 6. Submitting Your Midterm Exam When you are finished with the Midterm Exam, click on the Submit for Grade button. Please note: Once you click the Submit for Grade button, you will NOT be able to edit or change any of your answers. 7. Exam Questions There are 10 randomly selected multiple choice questions each worth 5 points for a total of 50 points. The Midterm Exam covers TCOs 1-4, 8, 11, and 12 and Weeks 1–5. The Midterm Exam contains two pages, which can be completed in any order. You may go back and forth between the pages. The Midterm Exam questions are pooled. This means that not everyone will have the same questions. Even if you do have some of the same questions, they may not be in the same order. These questions are distributed amongst the TCOs. The entire exam is worth 200 points. On the essay questions, your answers should be succinct, should fully address each part of the question, and should demonstrate your knowledge and understanding in a concise but complete answer. Most essay questions require answers that are a couple of paragraphs (not a couple of sentences) that directly speak to each part of the question. Some students opt to work on the essay questions first, due to their higher point value and the length of time needed to adequately address each question, but this is entirely your choice. Remember to always use proper citation when quoting other sources. This means that ANY borrowed material (even a short phrase) should be placed in quotation marks with the source (URL, author/date/page #) immediately following the end of the passage (the end quote). Changing a few words in a passage does NOT constitute putting it in your own words and proper citation is still required. Borrowed material should NOT dominate a student’s work, but should only be used sparingly to support your own thoughts, ideas, and examples. Heavy usage of borrowed material (even if properly cited) can jeopardize the points for that question. Uncited material can jeopardize a passing grade on the exam. As a part of our commitment to academic integrity, your work may be submitted to turnitin. An online plagiarism checking service. Please be VERY mindful of proper citation. 8. Some of the key study areas are below. Although these are key areas, remember that the exam is comprehensive for all of the assigned course content and that this study guide may not be all inclusive. TCO 1 Definitions of Technology and Science, the Three Technological Revolutions, Technological Systems, Week 1 Lecture, Week 1 Readings TCO 2 – Technology and Historical Change, the Industrial Revolution, Technologies in Different Cultural Contexts, Week 2 Lecture, Week 2 Readings TCO 3 – Technology and the Arts, Digital Technologies, Collaborative Technologies, Week 4 Lecture, Week 4 Reading TCO 4 – The Cultural Impact of Technologies (Computers, Cell Phones), Technologies as Artifacts and Ideas, the Social Shaping of Technology, Week 3 Lecture, Week 3 Readings TCO 8 The Industrial Revolution and the Steam Engine, Determinism and Its Critics, Week 2 Lecture, Week 2 Readings TCO 11 – Research Methods, Research Sources, Week 1 Tutorial TCO 12 Potential Impact of Emerging Technologies (GMOs, nanotechnology, robotics), Week 3 Lecture, Week 3 Readings 9. The readings from the first four weeks are emphasized in this exam. Please make sure that these are read and that you participate in the discussion of these readings. Areas that were discussed in the threads will be prime targets. 10. Assignments will also be prime targets for revi siting. 11. Reviewing the TCOs, which I have listed below for your convenience, will also be a great preparation for the Midterm Exam. 1 Given one or more examples of major technology development projects based on scientific theory, such as controlled heavier-than-air flight or the Manhattan Project or cloning, develop a definition of technology that includes a clarification of its relationship to science. 2 Given a historical turning point, such as the fall of the Roman Empire, the Crusades, the Protestant Reformation, the growth of cities, or the collapse of the Soviet Union, establish the role of technology in triggering the event and shaping its outcomes. Given an account of a stylistic trend in an art such as painting, music, literature, theater, or film, determine what technologies were involved and how they affected the evolution of the respective art. 4 Given examples of the widespread adoption of a technology that changes the culture of a society (e. g. , cars, computers, cell phones, etc. ), analyze the technology and the patterns of its adoption to identify the sources of the technologys influence. 8 Given a consequential technological invention, such as the printing press, the telephone, the automobile, the microchip, or the Internet, assess the cultural, economic, or social changes brought about by the invention. Given a process for defining and limiting a topic, participate in a research project as a member of a student team that investigates, formulates, and presents its analysis of (a) an issue associated with a technology, (b) the characteristics of the technologys development, (c) its present and likely future impact, and (d) the ethical or moral issues arising from the development or implementation of that technology. 12 Given an emerging technology, evaluate its future prospects by identifying the cultural and social factors that may prevent or promote its successful application. Finally, if you have any questions for me, please post them to our Q ; A Forum or e-mail me. Good luck on the exam!

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

After four years, we are finally gathered on the steps of what we thought we'd never come to. We are graduating, finally shedding the familiar and embarking on a world of "what's-next?" Despite that, though, today is perhaps most importantly a day to remember our past. In the entire childhood of memories that each of us has accumulated, beginning roughly when we were still young enough to believe braces are cool, some of the most vivid and influential are from this campus. The high school years are mainly those in which a person leaves off building their lives around what they have been shown, and begins to select the path they will take for themselves. It is fair to say that these last four years have seen immense changes in each and every one of us. And today is also a day to...

Legal Compliance in the Distribution of Software Applications

Software piracy is a rising problem not only in the United States, but around the world. In 1993 worldwide software piracy cost 12. 5 billion dollars to the software industry, with a loss of 2. 2 billion dollars in the United States alone. Estimates show that over 40 percent of U. S. software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industry's piracy losses occurred outside of the United States borders. The Software Publishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States were obtained illegally, which 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original software and than load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs at their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution and licensing. In 1974, Congress created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs. CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt that copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the Act. In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs. Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the users right to make a single backup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a tangible form is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D. C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a federal court to stop that person by an injunction and to give you damages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program.

Contingencies to Airasia’s Marketing Strategy Essay

Suggest three contingencies AirAsia should consider and rationalize your choice. What are the main modifications to the current marketing strategy should AirAsia undertake to respond to these contingencies. There are number of threats that AirAsia faces thus it should have well-prepared contingency plans in case certain situations occur. The following part focuses on analyzing three main contingencies that AirAsia should take into consideration as well as the modifications to the current marketing strategy that it would have to make to respond in case certain events occur. What if price war happens†¦Ã‚  To compete with the rivals, each airline introduced its own strategy. Famous full service carriers like Singapore Airlines and Thai Airways have set up low cost subsidiaries. Malaysia Airlines launched competitive promotion scheme while independent low-cost airlines like Valuair focused on improving customer services through offering additional benefits to customers. Obviously, the harsh competitiveness in the region strengthens the probability that price war might happen. Price war happens when almost all airline companies simultaneously start to reduce their prices and the region’s aviation industry as a whole fails to deliver profit. Price war might have a serious impact on AirAsia if it, together with other airlines in the region, starts to reduce its prices to compete. Customers now will have various choices and would be able to switch to the airlines that offer them the best price as well as best service. If price war does happen, AirAsia should make the following modification to its current strategy: Increase customer satisfaction by improving on-flight service quality as discussed in depth in the third paragraph of question one. What if customers decide to switch to other airlines†¦ Air Asia now has to face up with increasing competition not only from low cost subsidiaries of full service carries but also from the emergence of independent low cost airlines. With the increasing emergence of new airlines which provide customers with not only low fares but also â€Å"a level of service far beyond that expected†, the probability that customers switch to other airlines is very high. Recently, AirAsia has been receiving many complaints from passengers who are unsatisfied with the service quality. Focusing intensively on keeping costs low, AirAsia neglected the satisfaction and convenience of its customers. Thus, the company should consider the possibility that customers might switch to other airlines. In this case the following modifications to the strategy should be made: AirAsia should offer incentives for the customers to stay with the company by introducing frequent flyer bonus miles. To motivate customers’, AirAsia can also offer membership cards which would provide them not only with additional miles but also with regular customers’ discount on specific flights to specific destinations or at special period of time. What if AirAsia is unsuccessful in entering new markets such as China and India†¦ AirAsia is now looking for expanding routes to other countries in the region and China and India are a huge potential. However, these markets have completely different economies and therefore there is a probability that the market will not support a new airline. Also, for example, when going to China – a huge market, AirAsia needs to be ready to face tough competition. Besides good reputation in the market, well-established airlines in China such as China Airline, Cathay Pacific, etc. are offering very high quality service to customer. In addition to that in the meantime, AirAsia has to compete with many tough competitors in its local market. Thus, there is possibility that AirAsia might not take the lead when entering new markets and might not be able to reach its targets in new markets. Therefore, AirAsia should take into account the possibility of low demand and be ready to make modifications to its strategy in order to respond: The Olympic Games 2008 would be a great opportunity for AirAsia to strengthen its image in customers’ mind. To take this advantage, AirAsia should organize some activities to promote the company. Other big companies will certainly promote itself through taking part in such activities as Olympic Sponsorship, On-Air advertisement, etc. AirAsia should choose a different tactic. Instead, it can create association between AirAsia and the Olympic through programs spread via mass media such as: design logo for AirAsia used during the Olympic time or organize a lottery program the prizes of which would be Olympic tickets or flying tickets inside China. AirAsia can also use other promotion programs like offering round trip tickets flying to cities where the Games would take place at the price of 1 reminbi (Chinese currency) for the first 10 customers buying tickets at a random period of time during 6 months before the Olympics. This should help build up the demand for AirAisa’ services among the customers and enhance its position in customers’ mind. To conclude, it is important for AirAsia to be aware of all contingencies that may happen during its operations and to be ready to apply modifications to the strategy to protect itself from any possible issues that might occur. These contingencies may not come to reality but it is essential to have contingency plans and to be able to make necessary modifications to the strategy in case of the price war, or lost of the customers, or difficulties entering the new markets in order to adapt to these changes and continue to operate successfully.

TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE NAZIS S essays

TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE NAZIS S essays QUESTION @ TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE NAZIS SUCCEED IN BRINGING ABOUT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION BETWEEN 1933 AND 1939? On the 30th January 1933 President Hindenburg offered Adolf Hitler, the leader of the National Socialist Party, the position, Chancellor of Germany. From this day forward, the future of Germany was to radically change. The question, whether the Nazis succeeded in bringing about a social revolution poses many different questions. Such as the impact of the Third Reich on the youth, attitudes to women, and also how the Nazis economic policies affected different classes. However, to assess whether a revolution came about, you need to see what came before the years 1933 to 1939. A comparison with the Weimar republic needs to be made to measure the extent of the change. The years of the Weimar Republic saw the setting up of a democratic government with all Germans given equal rights including the right to vote. During the later years of Weimar, the Dawes plan did much to restore confidence in the German economy and investment came in from the USA especially. This meant that new houses, roads and public facilities could be built. Wages rose in real terms every year from 1924-30 and working hours were shortened. Women were given more equality and some were elected to the Reichstag. Germans saw the Weimar Republic bringing about many radical changes but in the case of Nazi ideologies, a return to past traditional values was demanded. Hitler disliked the industrial society and loved the idea of a return to a more rural way of life. However he realised that without industry and mass production, rearmament would not be possible, as this was one of his main aims he had accept it. One historian, Ralf Dahrendorf claimed that the revolution that took place between the years of 1933 and 1939 was one of modernity and that National Socialism had completed the social revolution which had been held up by Weimar Germany. Centra...

René Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope

Renà © Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope The stethoscope is an implement for listening to the internal sounds of the body. It is widely used by doctors and veterinarians to gather data from their patients, in particular, breathing and heart rate. The stethoscope may be acoustic or electronic, and some modern stethoscopes record sounds, as well.   The Stethoscope: An Instrument Born of Embarrassment The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by the French physician Renà © Thà ©ophile Hyacinthe Laà «nnec (1781-1826) at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. The doctor was treating a female patient and was embarrassed to use the traditional method of Immediate Auscultation, which involved the doctor pressing his ear to the patients chest. (Laà «nnec recounts that the method was rendered  inadmissible by the age and sex of the patient.) Instead, he rolled up a sheet of paper into a tube, which allowed him to hear his patients heartbeat. Laà «nnecs embarrassment gave rise to one of the most important and ubiquitous medical instruments. The first stethoscope was a wooden tube similar to the ear horn hearing aids of the time. Between 1816 and 1840, the various practitioners and inventors replaced the rigid tube with a flexible one, but documentation of this phase of the device’s evolution is spotty. We do know that the next leap forward in stethoscope technology took place in 1851 when an Irish doctor named Arthur Leared invented a binaural (two-ear) version of the stethoscope. This was refined the next year by George Cammann and put into mass production.   Other improvements to the stethoscope came in 1926, when Dr. Howard Sprague of Harvard Medical School and M.B. Rappaport, an electrical engineer, developed a double-headed chest piece. One side of the chest piece, a flat plastic diaphragm, rendered higher-frequency sounds when pressed to the patient’s skin, while the other side, a cup-like bell, allowed sounds of a lower frequency to be discerned.

Operations Management - Discussion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Management - Discussion Paper - Essay Example The question of survival of the fittest has made the business organizations to increasingly take resort to the above strategy (Lawler and Worley, 2006, p.154-155). The paper endeavors to further divulge on the issue of gaining a new workforce at the cost of the existing people in a much detailed fashion. Maintenance of Stable Workforce within Organizations in Respect of Changing Markets The fact of changing market conditions impose challenges over the business organizations in regards to maintaining a stable workforce. It is found that to overcome the stress of external changes in the technological and competitive business sphere business organizations have shifted their endeavor to work for the development of the existing people to recruiting readymade skillful and productive workers from outside. Though it is held that retiring workers increases the turnover cost of the concerns yet it helps the concerns to strategize the development process of staffs to meet market demands. In ord er to compete with the technological and business development of its competitors the business concerns need to take in effective manpower that can be trained quite faster to help the organization counter market challenges. The policy of taking in new recruits and retiring the existing people in regards to market changes and opportunities is referred to as ‘travel light’ and was employed by Kodak when film technology shifted from chemical to digital. Chemical engineers were replaced by digital photography engineers (Lawler and Worley, 2006, p.154-156). Workforce Stability in Organizations based on Financial Position of the Concern It is observed that taking resort to the above discussed ‘travel light’ human resources policy endangers the business organization in regards to increasing the cost of human resources of the concern. The organization needs to both render immediate financial benefits to the retiring employees and also to invest quite enough to recru it and train the new workforce. Further the new workers need to be properly streamlined into the business process which requires enough time leading loss of productivity and thereby rise in business costs. Administrative costs also get highly tuned to such both in relation to rendering advertisements for recruiting and also in terms of generation of insurance, uniform and other costs for the new individuals. Again the new employees on failing to use the machineries in the right manner lead to increase in the cost of erosion of such. The time required for the new employees to be trained properly requires existing employees to perform the overtime work for which they are required to be rightly paid. This increases the cost of operations for the firm (Indicator Protocols Set: EC, 2006, p.7). Organizational Productivity in terms of Skills and Competition and Workforce Stability Organizations round the world in order to better compete with their competitors are found to take resort of ne wer and productive workforce based on new skill sets. However such practice of the business conc