Iwantto Become a Rapper

Name:English 11H Chapter 18-30 Questions Due Monday, March 11! (pages 89-151) 1. What is symbolic about Edna considering the Ratignolles’ life French and foreign? The concept of marriage has become foreign to her. The Ratignolles purpose of life is much different from hers. 2. Why does Edna pity Adele after witnessing this marital bliss? Edna pities Adele because Adele will never know Edna’s true feelings about her desire to be an independent women and her desire to make love with another man. Adele has a different perspective of life than Edna which makes it hard for her to tell her true desire. . Why is it more powerful for Edna to neglect her household than to have temper tantrums? If Edna neglects her household she would get more of a reaction from Lenoce than to have a temper tantrum. 4. Why does it make sense that Adele wouldn’t like Mademoiselle Reisz? Adele is the exact opposite than Mademoiselle Reisz in what Adele believes in. They have different views in life. Adele is more of a house wife who enjoys being around her family while Mademoiselle Reisz is more independent , she is unmarried and also childless, she focuses on herself more than others. 5.Why do Robert’s letters fill Edna with despondency? Most of his letters were not sent to Edna but the ones that were had no emotions to it. 6. What is the centerpiece of Mademoiselle Reisz’s apartment? She has a piano at the centerpiece. 7. What does M. Reisz tell Edna about being an artist? That in order to be an artist , she must possess a courageous soul that dares and defies 8. Why does Leonce go to consult Dr. Mandelet? The change in Edna’s behavior. 9. What does Dr. Mandelet fear is the cause of Edna’s change? That she may like another man. 10. What is Edna and her father’s relationship like?They are not is not affectionate. He believes that husbands should take authority over their wives which Edna oppose. Chapter 18-30 Questions Due Monday, Ma rch 11! (pages 89-151) 11. How does Edna feel and act toward Leonce right before he leaves for a long trip to NY? She actually gets a bit emotional and starts tearing up when Leonce leaves. she feels sad but not for to long. 12. How does Edna feel after Leonce and the children have gone? She feels at peace and free. 13. Who is Alcee Arobin and where did Edna meet him? A man that Edna starts having feeling for.They met at the horse race at Grand Isle. 14. Why is Edna making preparations to move to another house while Leonce is away? So she would think about Leonce possession over her. She want to be able to forget about him and think more about herself. 15. Is Leonce aware of Edna’s plans? Yes but he doesn’t agree with her. 16. Why does Edna say she is a wicked woman? 17. What specifically does Edna not feel for her relationship with Alcee Arobin? She doesn’t feel love for Alcee but lust 18. What does Edna take from the old house to the new? 19. Why is Adele unab le to attend Edna’s dinner party?

Why slavery was abolished

There are many things that have created slavery but also many things to abolish it. Historians have identified a number of factors that contributed to the abolition of slavery, but here are the most important ones that I will talk about in this essay; middle class whites, black slaves, working class whites and economics. The white middle class people played a huge part in the abolition of slavery. William Wilberforce was a highly respected MP; he played a huge part in the abolition by forming a group opposing slavery. He campaigned by making lots of speeches and studied the terrible conditions on board the slave ships. Granville Sharp was a surgeon in east London, when he met a slave named Jonathan Strong. Strong had been whipped and badly beaten by his master David Lisle. Sharp took him to hospital where he recovered. Strong was working as a healthy messenger boy when Lisle had him recaptured. When Sharp heard of this, he took Lisle to court to regain Strong his freedom. Sharp won the case and it got him a lot of good publicity, which Sharp later used, for his further campaigns. William Pitt was a prime minister at the time and he also heavily opposed slavery, he got parliament to make the law that to improve conditions on the plantations in the West Indies but unfortunately this had very little effect. Josiah Wedgwood was the younger son of Thomas Wedgwood. Josiah created a plaque to try and change people's minds about slavery, the plaque was of a black slave in chains and around the sides read: ‘Am I not a man or a brother?' This saying helped abolish slavery because it made people realise that slaves are human beings and are men or brothers not cargo. He also joined with Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharp to form the society for the abolition of the slave trade. It was not just the middle class whites but also the working class whites too, they signed thousands of petitions to abolish slavery and in 1814 1.5 million people signed a petition. Lots of speeches were made after work outside on the streets. Usually there would be huge groups of workers all gathered round to hear debates. After the law in 1807 abolished the slave trade, middle class whites still kept on protesting until slavery was abolished altogether. Slavery was also abolished because the money that was being made from it was decreasing rapidly. Adam Smith who was an economist said that slaves who are forced to work for free would put very little effort into there work but if they had something to be motivated by like a pay check they would want to work harder for more money, this results in better business because more work is being done. As time went by places apart from the West Indies, started producing sugar. Places like Cuba and Jamaica made their sugar very cheap and did not have slaves to do the work. This forced a lot of the British sugar plantations in the West Indies to close down, which brought a reduction in the demand for slaves. The black slaves themselves also took upon there human rights and helped to abolish slavery. Lots of black slaves who worked in Britain started to demand wages from their owners and to be treated like normal servants. Some slave owners would have taken this badly and the slave would have been beaten. This would have only caused the slave owner more trouble by being taken to court by his slave so the slave could fight for his/her freedom. The slave would do this by getting help from someone like Granville Sharp. In every case the judges made a different decision each time because the judges did not want to seem biased. The black slaves who worked in the sugar plantations in the West Indies, did not have the chance to go to court so they rebelled! One of the biggest rebellions was at the British plantation of St Domingue; the slaves killed their owners and set fire to all the sugar canes. British troops were sent out to stop them but the slaves defeated them. This made the British see how badly the slaves wanted freedom. Olaudah Equiano probably had the biggest impact on the abolition of slavery. He was a slave who brought his own freedom and wrote his autobiography on his past experiences as a slave. This turned many people against slavery and Olaudah soon found he working with the likes of Wilberforce. He also helped slaves gain their freedom and brought cases like the zong to the public's attention. Some people like Elizabeth Heyrick only played a small part in the abolition but they still got something done. In 1824 Elizabeth Heyrick published her pamphlet immediate not gradual abolition. In her pamphlet Heyrick argued in favour of the immediate freedom of the slaves in the British colonies. This was different from the official policy of the anti slavery society that believed in gradual abolition. The leadership of the organisation attempted to stop information about the existence of this pamphlet and William Wilberforce gave out instructions for leaders of the movement not to speak at women's anti-slavery societies. At the conference in May 1830, the anti slavery society agreed to drop the words â€Å"gradual abolition† from its title. It also agreed to support Elizabeth heyrick's plan for a new campaign to bring about immediate abolition. The following year the anti slavery society presented a petition to the House of Commons calling for the â€Å"immediate freeing of newborn children of slaves†. As you can see slavery was abolished for so many reasons but what I think the most significant are a combination of the middle class whites and Olaudah Equiano. These were what I think the most important factors where because firstly the middle class whites like Wilberforce where very highly respected people and were the sort not to be ignored at parliament. I think especially Wilberforce because him being an MP meant that parliament would listen to what he had to say which they would not do with a working class white for example. Olaudah Equiano played a big part because he spoke about slavery from a personal experience and when something as bad as the horrific tales of slavery has come straight from a person who has experienced it has a greater effect rather then if it came from a MP who had not experienced it.

QUSTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

QUSTIONS - Essay Example Before long, Google earned its popularity as it soon became the biggest search engine in the world. Google’s business model is also based on innovation. Its brand became on the most popular brands in the cyber world. It was quick to expand its services to include: Google Maps, Google Earth, Froogle, Google Scholar, Google Books, and similar products (Spencer). In maintaining these two business models, Google is sure to stay at the top of the world’s internet products. Google has posted significant growth in revenues during its 2008 first quarter. It generated revenues of $5.19 billion for March 2008 which is 42% higher than its March 2007 figures. It also posted 3.7 billion revenues from advertising commissions. It had a net income of $1.31 billion with $4.12 per share – up from the year 2007 $1 billion worth of profits and $3.18 per share (Perez, p. 1). With the internet world and its competitors growing at phenomenal rates, Google’s capability of generat ing profits has been sorely tested; but it nevertheless still managed to register significant return of investments for the past several years. Most of the company’s profits come from the pay-per-click text ads; being the best provider of this type of ad has helped to boost its profit growth (Perez, p. 2).

A model of how we should look at war Research Paper

A model of how we should look at war - Research Paper Example The severity of pains keeps him busy with himself, not giving him much scope to mull over the necessity of this painful reality. He cannot brood much over the philosophy why people need to involve in war because he himself is busy with it. On the contrary, the speaker in Tennyson’s poem sees war from a bird’s-eye point of view. The flaw (or limitation) in such a viewpoint is that it does not allow the speaker as well as the readers to experience the realities of war from within itself. Therefore, Tennyson’s speaker fails to view war as an unwanted reality. Being blindfolded by an undefined (it is undefined because he fails to define why he should call the soldiers glorious and honorable) idealism and by love and passion for one’s country, he tends to glorify war. Such an attempt of the speaker in Tennyson’s poem is often difficult to be sorted out from a fascist tendency to glorify one’s country’s involvement in a war, irrespective of the right and the wrong. Tennyson’s poem â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† tells the story of the British soldiers’ courage and heroism in a disastrous military event in the beginning of the Crimean War. The six hundred soldiers of the Light Cavalry Brigade were moving forward in order to execute Lord Raglan’s order to defend the Russians from seizing their guns. But that was a blunder. As a result, most of the soldiers were killed in the fight. Despite the huge losses, Tennyson as well as some of contemporary authors glorified the courage and heroism of the soldiers in that war (Landow 23). Quite contrary to Tennyson’s stance about the British involvement in the Crimean War, Owen’s poem deals with dark aspects of the chemical attack of Germany during the First World War. The overwhelming massacre was induced by the use of chlorine gas, which â€Å"is a powerful irritant that can inflict damage to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. At h igh concentrations and prolonged exposure it can cause death by asphyxiation† (Romano 23). The lethal effect of this gas on the health of the soldiers is further described by Sidell, Urbanetti, and Smith as follows: Internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four to five weeks to die of mustard gas exposure. (4) Though both Tennyson and Owen failed to uphold war as a reality that still exists and though some people do not want it, Owen’s portrayal of war as a painful reality obviously provokes the readers to be more cautious while deciding whether human societies need war. On the other hand, Tennyson’s idealistic view of war can instigate any group, community and society to involve into war since people who are willing to fight can easily establish their own ideals. Amazingly, it is true that Tennysonâ₠¬â„¢s poem can be used to warm up soldiers in each of the parties involved in a war. The loyalty, the obedience and the courage, which the six hundred soldiers of the Light Brigade of the British Army show against the Russian soldiers in the War of Crimea, could be exemplary for even the Nazi soldiers. Therefore, Tennyson’

Postpartum Depression Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Postpartum Depression - Coursework Example Women are likely to get affected by the disorder during their prime age of reproduction, ranging between 25 to 40 years of age. The case of Mandeep Singh is a classic case of Postpartum Depression, identifiable by the feelings that she has, of harming her newly born child and the observable characteristics of being agitated and withdrawn, as well as the consideration, that she is within the prime age of productivity, being 28 years old (Arentsen, 1968). Several factors can contribute to Postpartum Depression to Mandeep. Hormonal changes are among the factors that contribute to this disorder (Duffy, 1983). There occurs a great hormonal change in the body of a woman immediately after giving birth. The hormonal changes are characterized mostly by a greater reduction of serotonin levels in their bodies after they give birth (Harris, 1986). Consequently, the woman may be engulfed by the feelings of agitation, restlessness and hatred for her newly born baby. Status transition is another ca use of this disorder. Since the birth of a child is a transition of a woman, from a girl to a mother, then it is associated with stress, on how the woman is going to fit in the new status and roles. If by any chance any other circumstances that can cause stress occurs at the time as this transition, then the woman develops overwhelming stress which ends up as depression, as was the case of Mandeep due to a low economic status (Kumar, 1994). Another factor that contributed to the disorder is the ongoing life stress. Whenever a woman is faced by a long time of stress in her life, then, it accelerates when she gives birth, subscribing to Postpartum Depression. Dysfunctional love relationship is yet another factor that could have contributed to Postpartum Depression for Mandeep, as the long duration she would spend without her husband contributed to stress (Boyce, 2003). 2. The three nursing priority assessments in the case of Mandeep, which would help to devise the actual disorder from which she was suffering, include age. Since this disorder is mostly common for women who are in their prime age of productivity, then assessing the age of Mandeep would serve to indicate if she falls within that age bracket (Mauthner, 1999). Another assessment would be the socio-economic status of Mandeep. This assessment is necessary since the lower economic status of many women is contributory to stress, as they ponder the challenges of bringing up the newly born child, with such economic hurdles. Through the assessment of the economic status of the woman, then, the nurses can trace the actual causative factors to the disorder from which Mandeep is suffering. A significant assessment undertaken by the nurses is the nature of the relationship between Mandeep and her husband. The relationship between a woman who has recently given birth and her partner significantly affects the state of mind of a woman who has recently given birth (Sluckin, 1990). If there is tension and bad blood between the woman and her partner, then, there are greater chances that such a woman will suffer from the disorder. Thus, carrying out the assessment of such factors underlying the life of Mandeep would help the nurses determine the causative factors of the behavior she is exhibiting. 3. Whenever it is evident that the woman having recently given birth harbors the feelings of harming herself or the newly born baby, then treatment interventions becomes necessary. Some nursing interventions are necessary for the treatment of the disorder that Mandeep is suffering. The priority intervention will be given to the administration of

MARKETING COMMUNICATION PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MARKETING COMMUNICATION PLAN - Essay Example McDonalds’s Corporation has redesigned its strategy for communication with great focus on the target audience (recipient). The strategy is designed to pass information to both internal and external parties, having interest in McDonald’s. Internal communication strategy targets mainly the staffs and shareholders, channels used to are intranet network and newsletter. External parties mainly consumers and potential investors are kept in touch with the company through promotion. The channels use is mainly advertisement using online platform and billboards, which updates them on the company’s products and services. The Corporation has an enormous number of customers of over 68 million in 119 countries whom it has had since its inception and who are loyal to their products. Royalty between the customers and the corporation creates a solid foundation for the development of a new product. The corporation has an enormous income of over 6 billion us dollars that it can use a portion of the revenue collected to market the already newly developed product in the market. Due to their financial stability, the corporation can employ well-trained staffs who can sell the product with diligence and excellence. Extension of their services on top of the services already offered may increase the difficulty of management issues, therefore, the need to employ people who are highly skilled with huge experience in the sector. United States of America has a well established political stability; political stability encourages investment and development of the already existing businesses. McDonald’s Corporation having being located in this region provides a base for its growth and development. U.S.A has different people with different cultural practices. Due to their diversity in culture introduction of Halal meat by McDonald’s Corporation will be highly embraced by quite a

A literature review of gifted sutdents Dissertation

A literature review of gifted sutdents - Dissertation Example The paper tells that despite its wide usage, experts, scholars, academicians and scholars have yet not agreed on a single definition of the term â€Å"gifted†. In fact, they have even failed to develop a consensus on outlining a set of characteristics or behaviours relating to of giftedness, which is just another manifestation of the intensity to which this topic in debatable and undecided in educational, psychological, sociological, anthropological and other similar fields of study. Since the earliest human civilizations, the progress and accomplishments of humankind have been mainly dependent upon persons who have performed extraordinarily in their fields. These people have accounted for the bulk of accomplishments forcing the governments, administrations and local authorities to focus on exploring and developing to take charge of their respective fields. In fact, â€Å"as early as in the 2200 BC, evidence reveals that the Chinese authorities had developed a system of compe titive examinations for children to explore the gifted or extraordinary ones and groom them for taking the government positions in the later years. This fascination with giftedness remained there, in one form or the other, in Greek and Roman civilizations as well. However, it was Sir Francis Galton, a well-known scientist and researcher of the 19th century and the cousin of Charles Darwin, who used the term gifted for the first time in order to refer to people who showed exceptional and extraordinary talent in a particular field, such as a gifted writer or a gifted singer (Sternberg & Wilson, 2004, pp. 310). Furthermore, Galton also called the children who show the potential of becoming a gifted adult as gifted children. It was Lewis Terman, the guru of educational psychology and one the leadings American psychologists in the 20th century , who widened the scope of the research and provided some sort of platform and meaning to the term â€Å"gifted† (Sternberg, 2003, pp. 360) . Terman added the criteria of high IQ in order to determine the giftedness of any individual. The fact is that Terman was very much inspired with the ideas of Alfred Binet in this field that never became public because of his early death (Janos & Robinson, 1985, pp. 259). However, Alfred’s invention of the first useable IQ test gave the inspiration to Terman in order to look for and understand the students who have an IQ of 120 or more. In the 1920s, Terman selected almost 1500 students from different schools in California, which satisfied the IQ criteria. Over 1350 students out of this sample were white and a significant majority belonged from the upper and middle class families. The aim of Terman was to prove that most of the common stereotypes held about gifted children such as physically weak, socially misfit, unhealthy and others were incorrect (Treffinger & National Association for Gifted Children, 2004, pp. 145-149). After selecting the sample in 1920, Terman did seve n follow-ups with his â€Å"termites†, as he liked to call these gifted children. He followed the educational progress, interests, personalities, families and other related variables from their childhood to deep adulthood and found out that these gifted children were just as socially apt, physically strong, and tall and fit as others compared at their age. Even after the death of Terman, the study is still underway with many follow-ups by the students of Terman, making it longest running longitudinal study ever (Davis & Rimm, 1989, pp. 23-24; Sternberg, 2003, pp. 360). In addition, there have been some serious criticisms on this longest running longitudinal study. First, the sample that Terman selected in 1921 is highly unreliable and looking at the technique of

What does Buctler and Hamnett's (2011) study add to our understanding Literature review

What does Buctler and Hamnett's (2011) study add to our understanding of ethnic minority aspirations for social mobility in the 'new East End' - Literature review Example The aspiration that the ethnic minority had in mind was to move from the low class to the middle class. This is because they lacked the social mobility (Grusky, Ku and SzeleÃŒ nyi 2008). This paper is going to analyze what Buctler and Hamnetts (2011) study add to the understanding of ethnic minority aspirations for social mobility in the new East End. London is among the global city that is leading in the whole world. This is because of the position that it takes, the financial flow and migration that takes place on the two end sides of the labor market at the top and the bottom (Butler and Hamnett 2011). On one, hand, there are those workers that are highly paid and those that are poorly paid. For example, those that are highly paid came from US, France, Germany, Japan, China, on the other hand, the less skilled are the large masses from Africa and Asia. Those in good living environment with wealth are the whites while the rest are non-white. During these periods, there has been great de-industrialization, which has shaped East End dramatically (Grusky, Ku and SzeleÃŒ nyi 2008). There has been a prominent social division in East End and the West End in terms of races. The east was made of the poor and deprived ethnic minority. While, on the other hand, the west was full of wealth and power. The people on the west end were mostly the whites. With the development of the docks in the nineteenth century the working class of individuals became much established than the previous centuries (Harvey 2005). East End had been an abiding area for the whites who are in the working class. They had a tight social link that was on the basis of kinship and class. But as the transformation transpired more began to suburbanize out to areas like Woodford and other areas elsewhere. East End remained to retain the old traditional characters (Harvey 2005). The dramatic

Summative assessment Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summative assessment Case Study - Essay Example ntifies the biological, psychological and sociological perspectives on social interventions in the child development in relation to Connor in the case study. Some of the resilience traits and behaviours exhibited by children can be linked to the family set-up. The early childhood experiences are crucial in the determination childhood behaviour. Bowlbys Attachment Theory explains that the mental health and the challenges facing a person’s behaviour can be attributed to their early childhood behaviour (London, 2011; Heard, Lake and McCluskey, 2009). The theory stipulates that children are born biologically-configured to establish attachments with other people. The attachment behaviours are exemplified as fixed action patterns that share the same pattern. The angry outbursts that Connor exhibits could be biologically linked to his mother, Julie, who has a criminal record. Sarah, the relative who is supposed to take care of the boy, also has a criminal record. Connor’s inefficient speech skills and motor coordination can also be linked to Sarah, who has mild learning difficulties and performed dismally in school. Being placed u nder care of his aunt at the age of three years means that Connor should be made aware of maternal status i.e. should be informed that Sarah is not his biological mother. This may affect him emotionally leading to a negative influence on the motor coordination. The Community can also contribute in the determination of the behaviour of a child (Pereira, 2011). In the early childhood, Connor may emulate some of the behaviours from those around him. This is supported by Bowbly’s theory that asserts that a child behaves in a way that elicits contact to the care giver (Cortina and Marrone, 2004). The causes of resilient can also emanate from the child factors. The factors are primarily concerned with the physical development of the body, including the brain and the body. According to Aldgate (2006), every body development occurs according to a

Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay Example for Free

Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay In the first hundred days of FDR’s presidency he passed fifteen major bills. One of the most famous was the proclamation nationally issued that all banks would be temporarily closed, forming the Emergency Banking Act. Other bills passed in this â€Å"Hundred Days of Action† include the Tennessee Valley Authority Act, the Beer- Wine Revenue Act, the creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Home Owners Loan Act. These and many other like bills were the shining light at the end of tunnel for Americans as Roosevelt came into office striving to end the Depression. Fireside chats, which were radio broadcasts, were a way for Roosevelt to connect with Americans on a more personal level while managing to give them a sense of comfort. He was able to give insight to the general public through these broadcasts. He gave Americans hope that things would be better and they put their trust in him. Successful in short term relief, the New Deal did not end the Great Depression but did push the economic circumstances to a higher quality. As far as long term effects are concerned our country’s governmental structure has been forever changed. After the New Deal’s policies were administered a dominant new political coalition was in place, in turn, creating Democratic majority that lasted for half a century. Roosevelt gave Americans something new and different to expect from government and pushed the country toward its post war boom that many say was the â€Å"golden age of American capitalism†. Through the New Deal and his presidency he formed our views and outlook to how the modern American government should and is conducted. Programs put in place by the New Deal gave hope to Americans in this morbid, bleak time. He gave us the layout in which we practice modern government. As said by Roosevelt, The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold, persistent experimentation. It is common sense to take a method and try it: If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something. He tried and pushed forward through a troublesome, oppressive time that seemed as if it would not ever end. If he had not done so it is unimaginable to think what would have become of our country.

The Analysis And Design Of Work

The Analysis And Design Of Work The first section of this chapter discusses the analysis of work process within a given work unit. Having provided an understanding of the broader context of jobs, the chapter discusses the need for and usefulness of both job analysis and the techniques for performing job analysis. Finally, the chapter concludes by presenting the various approaches to job design to provide managers with an understanding of the costs and benefits of emphasizing different characteristics of jobs when designing or redesigning them. Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: Analyze a work-flow process, identifying the output, activities, and inputs in the production of a product or service. Understand the importance of job analysis in strategic and human resource management. Choose the right job-analysis technique for a variety of human resource activities. Identify the tasks performed and the skills required in a given job. Understand the different approaches to job design. Comprehend the trade-offs among the various approaches to designing jobs. Extended Chapter Outline Note: Key terms appear in boldface and are listed in the Chapter Vocabulary section. Opening Vignette: Teams Levis: A Poor Fit? Like many corporations attempted in the 1990s, Levis tried to mimic the success of Chryslers team-based organizational structure. Unfortunately, the team-based structure did not materialize at Levis. Efficiency of pants produced dropped 30% as a result of the team structure, as well as labor and overhead increasing by 25%. Overall, the cost of production increased from $5 a pair of pants to $7.50. Introduction-Designing the work to be performed is one of the first tasks of strategy implementation discussed in Chapter 2. The way a firm competes can have a profound impact on the way tasks are organized, and the way the tasks are designed may provide the company with a competitive advantage. Also, the way jobs are designed can, in fact, affect company work-unit performance. There is no one best way to design jobs and structure organizations. The organization needs to create a fit between its environment, its competitive strategy and philosophy on the one hand, with its job and organizational design on the other. Job analysis and job design are interrelated. Work-Flow Analysis and Organizational Structure (Work-flow analysis, analyzing work outputs, processes, and inputs; see text Figure 4.1 and TM 4.1) Work-flow Analysis The Work-flow process is useful because it provides a means for the managers to understand all the tasks required to produce a high-quality product as well as the skills necessary to perform those tasks. Analyzing Work Outputs Work outputs are products of, or services provided by, a work unit. Example: A work output for GM is a new Buick off the assembly line; a work output for Gordon Landscaping Company is a mowed lawn. Once outputs have been identified, it is necessary to specify the standards for the quantity or quality of these outputs. ProMES (productivity measurement and evaluation system) is a productivity improvement technique that focuses attention on both identifying work-unit outputs and specifying levels of required performance for different levels of efficiency. Analyzing Work Processes Work processes are the activities that members of a work unit engage in to produce a given output. Example: Work processes needed to produce an automobile include assembly, painting, and so forth. Every process consists of operating procedures that specify how things should be done to develop the product or service. Analyzing Work Inputs Work inputs are the ingredients that go into the work processes and can be broken down into three categories (text Figure 4.1). Raw materials consist of the materials, data, and informa ­tion that will be converted into the work units products. Equipment refers to the technology, machinery, facilities, and systems necessary to transform the raw materials into the product or service. Example: Raw materials for the assembly of automobiles include various parts (steering wheels, tires, door panels, etc.) and equipment used, including robotic welding machines. Human skills refer to the workers knowledge, skills, abil ­ities, and efforts necessary to perform the tasks. Organizational structure provides a cross-sectional overview of the static relationship between individuals and units that create the outputs. Two of the most important dimensions of structure are centralization and departmentation. Centralization is the degree to which authority resides at the top of the organizational chart. Departmentation refers to the degree to which work units are grouped based upon functional similarity of work flow. Two types of Structural Configuration of organizational structure tend to emerge in organizations. A functional structure (See Fig. 4.2 and TM 4.2 in text) employs a functional departmentation scheme with high levels of centralization. Functional structures are very efficient. However, they tend to be inflexible and insensitive to subtle differences across products, regions, or clients A divisional structure (see Figures 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 in the text and TM 4.3, 4.4, 4.5) employs a workflow departmentation and low levels of centralization. Because of their work-flow focus, their semi-autonomous nature, and their proximity to a homogenous consumer base, divisional structures tend to be more flexible and innovative. However, they are not very efficient. Structure and the Nature of Jobs Jobs in functional structure need to be narrow, highly specialized, and people need to work alone. Jobs in divisional structures need to be more holistic, team-based structure with greater decision making authority. Job analysis is the process of getting detailed information about jobs. The Importance of Job Analysis to HR Managers Job analysis has been called the building block of everything that the personnel department does. Some of the human resource activities that use jobà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœanalysis information include selection, performance appraisal, training and development, job evaluation, career planning, work redesign, and human resource planning. The Importance of Job Analysis to Line Managers Managers must have detailed information about all the jobs in their work group to understand the work-flow process. Managers need to understand the job requirements to make intelligent hiring decisions. Since the manager is responsible for ensuring that each indi ­vidual is performing his or her job satisfactorily, the manager must clearly understand the tasks required in every job. Job Analysis Information A job description is a list of the tasks, duties, and responsibili ­ties (TDRs) that the job entails. (text Table 4.1) A related readings from Dushkins Annual Editions: Human Resources 99/00:  ¨HRs role will change. The question is how. HR 2008 by Floyd Kemske A job specification is a list of the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) that an individual must have to perform the job. Example: Job specifications for an employment assistant would include: (1) a fourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœyear college degree with major course work in human resources or an equivalent combination of experi ­ence, education, and training; (2) considerable knowledge of principles of employee selection and assignment of personnel; (3) the ability to express ideas clearly in written and oral communication; (4) the ability to independently plan and orga ­nize ones own activities. Competing by Meeting Stakeholders Needs: Staying Alive at the Graveyard Human beings are not nocturnal animals, therefore, working at night is not a natural activity for most people. Evidence suggests that people working the graveyard shift are more likely to develop problems like fatigue, depression, obesity, and also have been found to be more accident-prone and have higher absenteeism and turnover. Fortunately, research shows that people with certain characteristics, like being night owls and who exercise regularly, can respond easier to this type of disruptive behavior. Sources of Job Analysis Information In general, it will be useful for the manager to go to the job incumbents to get the most accurate information about what is actually done on the job. However, the incumbents might exaggerate their job duties. Managers should ask others familiar with the job, such as the supervisor, to look over any information received from the incumbents. Research has shown greater agreement between supervisors and subordinates when rating general job duties than when rating specific tasks. Also, incumbents may be the best source for accurate estimates of time spent on job tasks, but supervisors may be more accurate on the importance of job duties. Research is somewhat inconclusive about the relationship between the performance level of the job analyst and the job-analysis information he or she provides, but recent research has shown that effective and ineffective managers tend to give the same job-analysis ratings despite their performance level. Because of inconclusive research results on the influence of demographic and experience differences, it is best to take steps to ensure that the incumbent group responsible for job-analysis information represents a variety of gender, racial, and experience level categories. Competing Through High Performance Work Systems: Telework With the new millennium approaching, the trend of separating work life from home life may be a thing of the past. With the costs of office space combined with the drastically reduced prices of portable electronic computing and communication devices, a new trend may develop called telework (doing ones work away from a centrally located office). Telework programs can save up to $8000 per employee annually. The number of teleworkers is on the rise. Telework programs have advantages such as a productivity gain caused in part by flexibility that allowed people to work at their peak efficiency and partly by eliminating distractions. Telework programs also have some disadvantages such as employees feeling a hindrance of teamwork and some felt it was harder to balance home and work. Job Analysis Methods Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) The PAQ is a standardized jobà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœanalysis questionnaire containing 194 items representing work behaviors, work conditions, or job characteristics that are generalizable across a wide variety of jobs. The 194 items are organized into six sections, and the job analyst is asked to rate each item on six scales. A computer program generates a job report based on the ratings. Research has indicated that the PAQ measures 13 overall dimensions (text Table 4.2). Knowing the dimension scores provides some guidance regarding the types of abilities that are necessary to perform the job. One of the main problems with the PAQ is that it requires the reading level of a college graduate to complete the ques ­tionnaire. Task Analysis Inventory The task analysis inventory method refers to several different methods that focus on analyzing all the tasks performed in the focal job. It is not uncommon to have over 100 tasks for a job. The task inventoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœCODAP method has SMEs generate a list of tasks and then the SMEs rate each task on various dimensions such as the time spent on the task, frequency of task performance, relative importance of task, and relative difficulty of the task. The task analysis method is different from the CODAP method since once the task list is developed, the SMEs are asked to identify the skills, abilities, and personal character ­istics required to perform each task Fleishman Job Analysis System (FJAS) This approach defines abilities as enduring attributes of indi ­viduals that account for differences in performance. The system is based on a taxonomy of 52 cognitive, psychomotor, physical, and sensory abilities that adequately represent all the dimensions relevant to work (see Table 4.3 in the text). The FJAS scales include behavioral benchmark examples of the different levels of the ability along a sevenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœpoint scale. SMEs indicate the point on the scale that best represents the level of that ability required in a certain job (Figure 4.6 and TM 4.3). Dynamic Elements of Job Analysis Although we tend to view jobs as static and stable, in fact, jobs tend to change and evolve over time. The job analysis process must also detect changes in the nature of jobs. Competing Through Globalization Box: Eliminating Sweatshops at Nike At the time when the Nike spokesperson, Michael Jordan, was bringing in over $10 billion, the workers of Indonesian plants were far from ideal. Labor practices like severe punishment for missed goals and mandatory overtime helped keep costs low and quality high. Consumers became increasingly aware of how their sneakers were actually being made, which led to boycotts and human rights groups getting involved. To end this problem, CEO Phillip Knight raised minimum worker age requirements, adopted safety and Health Standards and allowed HRM to monitor worker conditions in all foreign plants. Knight also invited competitors to do the same realizing that a failure to do so would result in a competitive disadvantage. Job design is the process of defining the way work will be performed and the tasks that will be required in a given job. Job redesign refers to changing the tasks or the way work is performed in an existing job. Jobs can also be characterized on different dimensions of job design (Table 4.4 in the text). Motivational Approach The motivational approach to job design focuses on the job characteristics that affect the psychological meaning and motivational potential and it views attitudinal variables as the most important outcomes of job design. The prescriptions of the motivational approach focus on increasing job complexity through job enlargement, job enrich ­ment, and the construction of jobs around sociotechnical systems. An example of the motivational approach is Herzbergs Two-Factor theory. A more complete model of how job design affects employee reactions is the Job Characteristics Model. Jobs can be described in terms of five characteristics: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. These five job characteristics determine the motivating potential of a job by affecting three psychological states: experienced meaningfulness, responsibility, and knowledge of results. When the core job characteristics are high, individuals will have a high level of internal work motivation, higher quantity and quality of work, and higher levels of job satisfaction. The positive effects require that the employees have adequate levels of satisfaction with the work environment, have the necessary ability to perform the job, and that they have a need to grow. There is some support for the idea that for those with high growth-need strength, job characteristics were more positively related to motivational outcomes than for those with low growth-need strength. Much of the work on job enlargement, job enrichment, and selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmanaging work teams has its roots in the motivational approach to job design (Figure 4.4 in the text). However, most of the research shows these interventions increase employee satisfaction and performance quality, but not necessarily increase quantity of performance. Example: Duke Power Company redesigned its customer service function to be more decentralized and enriched the customer reps job to allow for more decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmaking authority. Whirlpool Corporation has also redesigned its customer service function by providing an 800 service line with customer reps that are often former service technicians and can help diagnose a problem over the phone. A related reading from Dushkins Annual Editions: Human Resources 99/00:  ¨Challenging Behaviorist Dogma: Myths About Money and Motivation Mechanistic Approach The mechanistic approach to job design has its roots in classical industrial engineering and focuses on designing jobs around the concepts of task specialization, skill simplification, and repetition. Scientific management, one of the earliest mechanistic approaches, sought to identify the one best way to perform the job through the use of time-and-motion studies. The scientific management approach was built upon in later years and resulted in a mechanistic approach that calls for the job to be designed very simply. The organization reduces its need for highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœability individuals, and workers are easily replace ­able (a new employee can be trained to perform the job quickly and inexpensively). A related reading from Dushkins Annual Editions: Human Resources 99/00:  ¨HR Comes of Age by Michael Losey Biological Approach The biological approach to job design comes primarily from the sciences of biomechanics (the study of body movements), and it is usually referred to as ergonomics (concerned with examining the interface between individuals physiological characteristics and the physical work environment). The goal of this approach is to minimize the physical strain on the worker by structuring the physical work environment around the way the body works. Example: At Toyotas high-tech Tahara No. 4 line, new electric vehicle carriers were installed to minimize stress on the workers bodies. They adjust a cars height at every workstation. Toyota reports a major reduction in turnover during the plants first year of operation. The biological approach focuses on outcomes such as physical fatigue, aches and pains, and health complaints. The biological approach has been applied in redesigning equip ­ment to reduce the physical demands so women can perform the jobs and to reduce occupational illnesses such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Perceptual/Motor Approach The perceptual/motor approach to job design has its roots in the humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfactors literature and focuses on human mental capabilities and limitations. The goal is to design jobs in a way that ensures they do not exceed peoples mental capabilities. This approach generally tries to improve reliability, safety, and user reactions by designing jobs in a way that reduces the infor ­mationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœprocessing requirements of the job. This approach, similar to the mechanistic approach, generally has the effect of decreasing the jobs cognitive demands. Trade-offs among Different Approaches for Job Design (See Table 4.5 in text and TM 4.7) One research study found job incumbents expressed higher satisfaction with jobs scoring highly on motivational approach. However, the motivational and mechanistic approaches were negatively related, suggesting that designing jobs to maximize efficiency is likely to result in a lower motivational component to those jobs. Jobs redesigned to increase the motivating potential result in higher costs in terms of ability requirements, training, and compensation. In designing jobs, it is important to understand the tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœoffs inherent in focusing on one particular approach to job design. Chapter Vocabulary These terms are defined in the Extended Chapter Outline section. Workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœFlow Analysis Work Outputs ProMES Work Processes Work Inputs Organizational Structure Centralization Departmentation Functional Structure Divisional Structure Job Analysis Job Description Job Specification Job Element Method Fleishman Job Analysis System (FJAS) Task Analysis Inventory Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) Job Design Job Redesign Motivational Approach to Job Design Job Characteristics Model Mechanistic Approach to Job Design Biological Approach to Job Design Ergonomics Perceptual/Motor Approach to Job Design Discussion Questions Assume you are the manager of a fast-food restaurant. What are the outputs of your work unit? What are the activities required to produce those outputs? What are the inputs? Some examples of outputs for a fast-food restaurant include the food orders and the service provided. Activities required to produce these outputs include cooking, cleaning, preparing orders, taking orders, and so forth. The inputs include the raw materials (the ingredients for the food orders), the equipment (stove, cash register), and the human resources (the ability to cook, the knowledge of what ingredients go into a menu item). Based on question 1, consider the cashiers job. What are the outputs, activities, and inputs for that job? Inputs for the cashiers job include the raw inputs (food ordered, prices, tax), equipment (cash register), and human resources (the skill to operate the register, the knowledge of the prices of the menu items, and the ability to answer customers questions). Consider the job of college student. Perform a job analysis on this job. What are the tasks required in the job? What are the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to perform those tasks? What environmental trends or shocks (e.g., computers) might change the job, and how would that change the skill requirements? Tasks would include attending class, completing homework assignments, and participating in group assignments. Some examples of the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed are knowledge of prerequisite course material, collegeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœlevel reading skills, and ability to work together with others. Some environmental trends that might change the job would result from changes in the job market, such as new knowledge that employers would expect college students to learn. An example might be knowledge of sexual harassment guidelines or ADA legislation. Discuss how the following trends are changing the skill requirements for managerial jobs in the United States: (a) increasing use of computers, (b) increasing international competition, (c) increasing work-family conflicts. Students should have no trouble discussing how these trends are changing the skill requirements for managerial jobs in the United States. Managers are increasingly expected to be computer literate. Managers are also expected to be knowledgeable about other cultures, and knowledge of a second language is more commonly preferred. Managers are also expected to be more sensitive to work/ ­family conflicts (dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcare and elderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcare issues for example) and to be knowledgeable about various legislation that deals with such situations (such as the FMLA). Why is it important for a manager to be able to conduct a job analysis? What are the negative outcomes that would result from not understanding the jobs of those reporting to the manager? The chapter has a section on the importance of job analysis to both HR managers and line managers. The students answers will probably reflect information in these sections as well as possible reasons of  ­their own. The negative outcomes of a manager not understanding the jobs of his or her subordinates are that the manager may not make intelligent hiring decisions, may not be able to adequately evaluate the performance of subordinates, and will have trouble understanding the workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœflow process if individual jobs are not understood. What are the trade-offs between the different approaches to job design? Which approach do you think should be weighted most heavily when designing jobs? As discussed in the chapter, the trade-offs appear to be between increased satisfaction and motivation and reduced efficiency due to increased costs. For example, the motivational approach that increases satisfaction results in lower utilization levels and increased training time. Table 6.7 in the text summarizes the positive and negative outcomes of each approach. Students answers will vary as to which approach they think should be weighted most heavily depending on their value of the various outcomes for each approach. For the cashier in question 2, which approach to job design was most influential in designing that job? In the context of the total work-flow process of the restaurant, how would you redesign the job to more heavily emphasize each of the other approaches. Students answers will vary. All of the approaches could be used to design the cashiers job. To redesign the job to emphasize the mechanistic approach, students should discuss concepts such as more specialization. To redesign the job to emphasize the motivational approach, students should discuss making the job more complex. To redesign the job to emphasize the biological approach, students should discuss adjusting or making changes in the equipment or job environment. To redesign the job to emphasize the perceptual/motor approach, students should discuss ways to make the job less demanding mentally. Web Exercise Students are asked to go to The Center for Office Technologys homepage and click on the 1998 Outstanding Office Ergonomics Program Winner and review the steps organizations took to improve the office environment. www.cot.org End-of-Chapter Case The New Factory Worker Summary The trend toward high-skills manufacturing began in the mid-1980s with innovative companies such as Corning, Motorola, and Xerox. Companies are replacing assembly-line work with an industrial vision that requires skilled and nimble workers to think while they work. Today, life on the line requires more brains than muscle, so laborers are heading back to school. Examine the changes that have been made in Fred Prices job at Northeast tool, and then compare these to the four types of job design approaches described earlier in this chapter. If we had before-and-after measures on each of the four approaches, which would have revealed the largest change in the content of the job and which would have revealed the least: motivational, mechanistic, biological, or perceptual-motor? Knowing what you do about the trade-offs for various changes in job design, what negative outcomes might we fear from the types of changes brought about at Northeast? With the advent of more technology at the Northeast Tool plant, Fred Prices job has changed from a hands on, production line type job, to a job that requires increased education, leadership skills and managing roles. The largest change in the content of the job: Mechanistic; least amount of change; motivational. The negative outcomes might be: increased training time, lower utilization levels, greater chance of mental overload and stress, and greater likely hood of error. Technological changes, like the robotization of operations at Northeast Tool, can affect the structure of organizations, which in turn can change the level of skill requirements for workers. How did robotization affect the structure of Northeast Tool and the skill requirements for Fred Prices job? Can you think of other technological advancements that have resulted in the opposite affect on workers skill requirements? In what sense does the competitive strategy employed by the firm influence in which direction technology is likely to affect the skill level of workers? When Northeast implemented technological changes at its plant, Fred Prices job skill requirements changed. Before Price was the one doing all the work at the plant. Now, Fred Price has to be technologically savvy enough to control the robots that took his job from him. Any new type of technology that is implemented at Northeast is going to change the skill requirements of individuals jobs. When Fred Price started working for Northeast, he was 18 years old. Northeast supplied only to local California customers. Now, Northeast has to become a company, and even international, to stay competitive. With this type of growth, a company has to change to stay competitive. As we will see throughout this text, globalization has widespread effects on human resource practices. To what extent were the changes in jobs that came about at Northeast Tool driven by factors outside the U.S? If companies like Northeast Tool did not make these types of changes to compete, what other changes might they have had to make? If Fred Price was not willing to make the types of self-improvements he is making, what other types of changes would he have had to accept? What are the national implications of these kinds of changes, and how do these changes relate to the competitive advantage of nations like the U.S? The factors, outside of the U.S, that affected the changes at Northeast were the technologically savvy plants in Japan and Germany. To stay competitive in the global market, and even domestically, Northeast had to implement new technology. If Northeast was not willing to make these changes, then business would be hurt because it just could not compete with the bigger, more technologically sophisticated plants. Fred Price, if not willing to change, would have to settle for something less. These types of changes are at the core of our national competitiveness, the U.S. has been at the forefront in this productivity and competitive war and should continue to do so. Additional Activities Teaching Suggestions Several cases and articles can be used as additional activities when discussing the topic of job analysis and job design. The cases could be assigned to indi ­viduals as a writing assignment, possibly for extra credit, or could be assigned to groups to be done inside or outside of class. The articles could also be assigned and discussed in class. A possible library assignment is suggested to acquaint students with the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Harvard Business School Case 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ481à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ179, Office Technology, Inc. (A) by Beer, Von Werssowetz, and Witcraft, Teaching Note 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ485à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ021 by Beer and Spector. Robert Dorr must consider changes in several order administration work organizations that are to be consolidated. The separate units handle product lines with very different characteristics and have managers with different operating styles, philosophies, and personalities. One group is set up in an assembly-line style. Another has a team concept of job organization. Office Technology, Inc. (B) provides future developments. Two videotapes (9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ884à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ512) and (9 ­884à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ513) are available for use with these cases. Suggested questions for Office Technology, Inc. Consider the order administration task. Discuss the process the LMP and OEM groups use to complete this task. How would you reorganize work in OEM? Consider case facts and class readings and lectures in formulating your answer. Discuss the rationale for your recommendations. If Dorr imposes an LMP-type team approach, what roadblock

a separte peace :: essays research papers

Literary Analysis for A Separate Peace   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having a best friend means not to have jealousy of them, and to not wish to hurt them in any way. From reading this literature book, A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, it proves that statement. The story is about two close friends whose bond becomes ruined by jealousy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gene felt extremely jealous of Finny. In the beginning of the story, the author tried to describe the inferior feelings of Gene. In the dorm rooms, Gene tried on Finny’s clothes as a symbol of wanting to live Finny’s life. While picking up the shirt, Gene said, â€Å"This is going to be my emblem† (18). That shows that he wants some artifact of Finny’s as his label to describe his personality. Basically, he wants to live Finny’s life.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finny was a down-to-earth, normal, peace making guy. While Gene played the role of a follower, Finny played the leader. When Finny tried to beat a swimming record and accomplished it, he wanted it to be kept on the low. Gene, on the other hand, wanted everyone to know therefore he would become popular. After beating the record, Finny said, â€Å"By the way, we aren’t going to talk about this. It’s just between you and me. Don’t say anything about it, to †¦ anyone† (36). By showing that Finny has to say something in the first place, he obviously knows Gene’s blabbering side of him. When Gene pushed Finny off the tree, it clearly showed how jealous he was of him. The boys have such an incredible bond that when Gene came to tell Finny that it was him who pushed him out of the tree, he did not even believe him. He said, â€Å"Of course you didn’t do it. You damn fool. Sit down, you damn fool. I’m going to hit you if you don’t sit down† (62). He became so angry and up-tight that Gene would say that, and he truly believed that he would never do anything like that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After falling out of a tree, Finny was taken to the hospital. When he felt lonely, he called Gene to talk, and to see if Gene had replaced Finny with another roommate. Once Gene answered â€Å"no†, Gelber 3 Finny became mad at himself for even thinking that in the first place.

Comparing King Louis XIV of France and King Philip II of Spain :: King Louis XIV, France, King Philip II, Spain

The palace of Versailles was built by King Louis XIV of France and the Escorial was built by King Philip II of Spain. The two kings each had their differences about their beliefs on how to rule, yet there are some similarities. Louis XIV believed in showing off his power and being open. Philip II was a simplistic guy devoted to Catholicism. They both had military to spread their beliefs and ideas. Despite the kings’ beliefs, their palaces reflected their ideals. King Louis XIV was a showy and self-absorbed king. His palace was representative of his personality and ideals. The Versailles palace architecture displayed Louis XIV ideals of secular issues. He cared more about spending money to show off his power. Unlike the Escorial, Versailles was centered on â€Å"The Sun King† instead of religion. At one point Louis XIV stated that â€Å"he was the state†. This statement was saying that Louis XIV represented the center and best of France. An example of this was that King Louis XIV lived in the middle of Versailles. Versailles was also very ornate and had the atmosphere of freeness. However, the Escorial was very basic like Philip II. On the other hand, King Philip II was a more careful and simple king. The Escorial was more compact and closed in unlike the Versailles. Like the Versailles, the Escorial demonstrated Philip II ideals of religious issues. In the center of the palace, where Philip II would spend most of his time, was the church and monastery. Philip II considered himself King of Spain second and Catholic first. He preferred to sit in the monastery to look at historical records rather than Louis XIV’s conception of a king. Both palaces were Catholic but religion had a bigger role at the Escorial Palace. Also at the Escorial palace you saw more military surrounding it as for the Versailles it wasn’t as guarded. While the two kings had many differences their militaries were surprisingly similar. They both had military troops that guarded and walked around the palace. The kings’ military was not only used for protection but also for spreading their beliefs and ideals. Their military was alert and ready to protect if there was to be an attack on the palace. King Louis XIV and Philip II both would have enough troops to go to war and express their thoughts but also enough to protect the palace.

Performance Management Essay

Overview Welcome to Module 1. If you have not already done so, read the Program Manual located in the Reference Material section of the CMA Canada Professional Programs website. It provides you with important introductory information about the program. In Module 1 of the program, candidates are exposed to many functional competencies from the CMA Competency Map that involve decision making regarding performance management, performance measurement, risk management and governance, and financial reporting. For assistance when doing their assignments in these areas, candidates are expected to draw on many of their intermediate and advanced management and financial accounting concepts they learned in their university courses and/or in the Accelerated Program. For instance, in this assignment, one of the concepts involves Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis. In these types of analysis, candidates may be asked to look at how profits and costs change with a change in volume, or a change in such factors as variable costs, fixed costs, selling prices, and mix of products sold. By studying the relationships of costs, sales and net income, management is better able to cope with many planning decisions. Candidates who have difficulty doing this assignment or future assignments regarding CVP are encouraged to review Chapters 11 and 12 from the Horngren et al. required reading mentioned below. As candidates gain more work experience, they will be exposed to a number of organizational concerns in the topic areas outlined above. For instance, candidates may be asked to provide analysis on such items as: 1. Preparing reports on a product or geographic segment to determine where the organization generates cash and profits; 2. Evaluating strategic alternatives in one’s organization using cost-benefit and scenario/sensitivity analysis; 3. Determining the effectiveness of costing systems for their appropriateness for an organization; Â © 2012 The Society of Management Accountants of Canada. All rights reserved. Â ®/â„ ¢ Registered Trade-Marks/Trade-Marks are owned by The Society of Management Accountants of Canada. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the copyright holder. 4. Introducing the main concepts of strategy to facilitate an understanding of the big picture; 5. Constructing and analyzing a cash flow statement to determine cash needs; 6. Looking at different short-term investment strategies as a means to effectively utilize excess cash; 7. Examining the effectiveness of internal control systems within an organization; 8. Reporting results using GAAP or a disclosed basis of accounting; and 9. Analyzing a company’s various product lines. Management accountants are often called upon to provide the analysis required for pricing decisions, such as cost-volume-profit, product costing, expected value, break even, contribution margin, and sensitivity analyses. Proper and accurate analysis is critical if management is to make well-informed decisions. Using the Right Financial Analysis Tool Candidates will oftentimes find themselves constrained by space (word/page limits) and/or time when doing their assignments. A critical outcome of analyzing cases is learning to use financial analysis tools under the appropriate circumstances. Selecting the right tool has the effect of demonstrating both good judgement (in terms of the candidate’s ability to select an appropriate tool) and conciseness (in presenting the information in a professional manner without burdening the reader with non-important information). Below are some examples that help to demonstrate how selecting the right tool for the right circumstance is critical to complete assignments in a quick and efficient manner. While the examples demonstrate the use of one tool, note that other tools may be just as effective. Given two scenarios and asked to provide an analysis between them, candidates could analyze them by forecasting the full income statement for both. While this is a valid approach, it takes a significant amount of time and requires the use of valuable report space that could be better used with the selection of a different tool. It may be more appropriate under these circumstances to identify only those relevant revenues and costs and compare those. For a more in-depth discussion of the differences between the two approaches, see pages 422-423 in Chapter 11 of Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis (Required Readings listed below). Specifically, Exhibit 11-2 on page 423 demonstrates the visual difference between the two approaches. Oftentimes contribution margin calculations can be used to drastically reduce both the time it takes to analyze a problem and the space required to show the analysis. This type of analysis may apply to analyze individual products, divisions or customer groups. This tool can allow one to present the analysis information in a much more concise way. Discounting is another tool that can be used to analyze various scenarios. Again, one could prepare a financial forecast for both scenarios and discount those accordingly. However, a more efficient method would be to select only the relevant revenues and/or costs for preparation and discounting. This tool is particularly useful when looking at scenarios that create different multi-year impacts or that need to be evaluated over a period of time. Candidates are encouraged to review Chapters 11 and 12 in Horngren et al. (Required Readings listed below) for more examples on tool selection. Learning to identify the relevant information can drastically reduce both the time spent on the analysis and the space required to report it. In this assignment, candidates are specifically directed to do only certain steps of the Steps for Approaching Business and Corporate Strategy. This case-solving approach was first introduced to candidates at the Orientation Session. As mentioned at the Orientation, these steps provide candidates with a systematic approach for addressing a case involving business-level and corporate-level strategic issues. The first three modules (Development Phase) of the CMA Canada Professional Programs prepare candidates for the Case Examination and focus on the business-level strategic issues. Applying this approach effectively is one of the important competencies that candidates will learn in the Professional Programs. Reference Documents To assist candidates with case analysis, a series of reference documents have been created and can be found in the Reference Material section of the Professional Programs website. The most important documents include: 1. 2. 3. 4. Steps for Approaching Business and Corporate Strategy General Assessment Guide Business Report Guidelines Format Specifications There are other documents such as Situational Analysis Tools, Developing an Implementation Plan and Pro Forma Financial Statements. Candidates should find these documents very useful throughout the program. Learning Outcomes By the end of the assignment, candidates will be able to recommend strategies and tactics to a company that is in a downturn scenario. Due Date Please refer to the Schedule accessed from the left navigation menu.

David Copperfield by Charles Dickens

The novel traces the life of David Copperfield from the time of his birth to his mature manhood, when he is married and familiar with the vicissitudes of life. His early years are enjoyable with his mother — who was widowed shortly before his birth — and with her servant, Peggotty. Life is happy for David until his mother decides to marry Mr. Murdstone; afterward, life becomes unbearable for David. He is soon sent to a miserable school where he becomes friendly with James Steerforth, a fellow student. When David's mother dies, he is taken from school and put to work by Mr. Murdstone in a London warehouse.Although David enjoys the company of the impoverished Micawber family, with whom he boards, his other associates and the work are intolerable, so, without money or property, he runs away to his Aunt Betsey Trotwood in Dover. Despite a stern exterior, Aunt Betsey treats him well, adopting him and sending him to a good school. While at school, he boards with a Mr. Wickfie ld and his daughter Agnes. (Throughout the novel, David retains a fond, sisterly affection for Agnes. ) After graduation, David works in the law office of Spenlow ; Jorkins and soon falls in love with Mr.Spenlow's daughter, Dora. About this time, Em'ly, the Peggottys' beloved niece, runs off to marry Steerforth, whom David had innocently introduced to her while she was engaged to Ham, a nephew of the Peggottys. The family is saddened by this development, but Mr. Peggotty sets out to find her and bring her back. David uses his spare time doing clerical and literary work to help Aunt Betsey, who now finds herself without financial resources. He marries Dora, only to find that he has a â€Å"child-wife† who knows nothing of housekeeping and cannot accept any responsibility.Meanwhile, Uriah Heep, an â€Å"umble† clerk in Mr. Wickfield's employ, whom David dislikes, has deceitfully worked his way into a partnership, aided by Mr. Wickfield's weakness for wine. In addition, D avid also discovers that his old friend Mr. Micawber has gone to work for Heep. David has remained fond of the Micawbers, and it troubles him that his old friend is working for a scoundrel. Eventually, however, Micawber has a grand moment of glory when he exposes Heep as a fraud, helping to save Mr. Wickfield and restoring some of Aunt Betsey's finances.David's wife, Dora, becomes ill and dies, and David is troubled until Em'ly, the Peggottys' niece, returns to her uncle. David has felt guilty for some time for having introduced Em'ly to Steerforth. After a reconciliation is accomplished, Em'ly, along with some of the Peggottys, and the Micawbers leave for Australia to begin new lives. Before they leave, David witnesses a dramatic shipwreck in which Steerforth is killed, as is Ham in attempting to rescue him. Still saddened by the loss of his wife and other events, David goes abroad for three years.It is only after he returns that he realizes that Agnes Wickfield has been his true l ove all along, and their happy marriage takes place at last. I don’t know what to think of the book. I found the starting bits very boring. David Copperfield is the least interesting character in the book, and because the beginning of the book deals almost entirely with him†¦well, let’s say it was heavy going for me. In fact, the book itself doesn’t really take off till almost the middle of the story when David’s aunt loses her fortune. After that, David and his friends really stop messing about, and start trying to fix their messed up lives.Until then, it’s all a hodge-podge of bad choices in love, and money. Dickens has a somewhat preachy, moralistic hero, and the tone of this book reflects that. I found some humorous sections, but not many, and the pace is uneven. Towards the end, the last 200 pages or so, Dickens is really forced to up the pace, and it’s an odd feeling when a slow book suddenly hurtles towards the end. In the proces s, Dickens ends up killing one important character, exporting a whole bunch of people to Australia, and sending another couple of people to prison!So, I didn’t like David Copperfield (the hero I mean), and I wouldn’t have liked the book either if not for the really interesting secondary characters. There is Agnes – David’s good and wise childhood friend who is in love with him, David’s silly wife – Dora, the perennially in debt Micawbers, the evil albino Uriah Heep, the sentimental and kind Mr. Peggotty, David’s aunt – the strong, feminist Betsey Trotwood†¦so many people to keep track of†¦but good fun anyway. Charles dickens Charles Dickens is much loved for his great contribution to classic English literature.He was the quintessential Victorian author. His epic stories, vivid characters and exhaustive depiction of contemporary life are unforgettable. His own story is one of rags to riches. He was born in Portsmouth o n 7 February 1812, to John and Elizabeth Dickens. The good fortune of being sent to school at the age of nine was short-lived because his father, inspiration for the character of Mr Micawber in ‘David Copperfield', was imprisoned for bad debt. The entire family, apart from Charles, were sent to Marshalsea along with their patriarch.Charles was sent to work in Warren's blacking factory and endured appalling conditions as well as loneliness and despair. After three years he was returned to school, but the experience was never forgotten and became fictionalised in two of his better-known novels ‘David Copperfield' and ‘Great Expectations'. Like many others, he began his literary career as a journalist. His own father became a reporter and Charles began with the journals ‘The Mirror of Parliament' and ‘The True Sun'. Then in 1833 he became parliamentary journalist for The Morning Chronicle.With new contacts in the press he was able to publish a series of sk etches under the pseudonym ‘Boz'. In April 1836, he married Catherine Hogarth, daughter of George Hogarth who edited ‘Sketches by Boz'. Within the same month came the publication of the highly successful ‘Pickwick Papers', and from that point on there was no looking back for Dickens. As well as a huge list of novels he published autobiography, edited weekly periodicals including ‘Household Words' and ‘All Year Round', wrote travel books and administered charitable organisations.He was also a theatre enthusiast, wrote plays and performed before Queen Victoria in 1851. His energy was inexhaustible and he spent much time abroad – for example lecturing against slavery in the United States and touring Italy with companions Augustus Egg and Wilkie Collins, a contemporary writer who inspired Dickens' final unfinished novel ‘The Mystery of Edwin Drood'. He was estranged from his wife in 1858 after the birth of their ten children, but maintained rel ations with his mistress, the actress Ellen Ternan. He died of a stroke in 1870. He is buried at Westminster Abbey.

Sambian Partners : Why Are We Losing All Our Good People

Why Are We Losing All Our Good People Background: Sambian Partners founded by Peter Gasbarian in1975. Gasbarian idea was to build top notch architecture and engineering firm. Helen Gasbarian took charge of Sambian Partners as CEO in1997. The case begins with the resignation of Tom Forsythe, an assistant director. Mary Donillo, the head of human resources was opposed to Tom's decision. According to Adrienne Perle, one of the engineers at Sambian Partners people was quite unhappy. When this came into light, Mary Donillo asked her opinion regarding the current situation at the firm and from here she came to know the dissatisfaction among the employees with the current working conditions, mainly from the higher-ups in the organization. The CEO Helen Gasbarian makes decision of promoting Adrianne to a supervisor position. At this, anger rose among other employees who are more qualified but were not promoted. The junior employees were in an opinion that they could make their mark by leaving the company and work on interesting jobs. Mary decides to carry out an employee survey. She designed open ended questions to get an accurate snapshot of the current scenario the company is facing. But the questions prove to be quite mixed. Employees were giving feedback by leaving. Clearly, they feel that more direct forms of feedback will go unheeded. Helen needs to find the root cause of why employees don't trust the company or don't care enough about the company to improve it. Purpose:- To find the reason for the talent drain. Proposed recommendation:- * To provide a forum where employees can speak openly about their discontent without fear of repercussions. (Grievance Management)[2] Methodology:- We have used business school approach, literature case study method, to study the case and give the recommendation. Findings on evidence:-Evidence: -â€Å"Why are we losing all our good people†, Edward E. Lawler III Harvard Business Rev. June 2008 Nov. Author ;Date| Population ; type oforganization| Design| Measures| Outcome| Comment| Rene Schalk, Wim Van Dijk| Conceptual paper| Dutch health care| Concept of employees' psychological contracts with their organization  |   Integrate employee commitment and quality management  | Quality fails when the system fails| T. N. Krishnan| Research paper| Indian organizations| Study carried on the employees| Valuable workplace| Understanding employment relationship| Lisa A. Steelman, Kelly A. Rutkowski| Research paper| Multinational company| Recipient's willingness to change his or her behavior| Motivated to improve job performance| Credible feedback | Carley Foster, Khanyapuss Punjaisri, Ranis Cheng| Conceptual paper| Multinational company| Employees' attitudes and behaviors| Closer alignment between the employees' values and those of the corporate brand| Synergized to achieve a strong, consistent corporate brand| Manuel London | General review| Multinational company| Interviews with bosses of young first-line managers| Encouraging individual contribution and personal growth| Career motivation| Karien Stadler| Research paper| Saudi Arabian mining company| Sample of 59 executives and senior managers| Talent reviews in the identification, development and retention of potential employees| Company's growth strategy| Thomas N. Garavan|   Literature review| Irish firms| Study of career development practices| Promote career development within the organization| Focusing on the role of the line manager, HRM specialist and the general design of career development systems within an organization| Conclusion:- In the case â€Å"Why are we losing all our good people† we can observe that there is a need of a platform where employees can came out with their discontentment and grievances regarding their working conditions. According to the evidence, Hal's news comes as a shock to Mary. â€Å"Are we part of the problem? † thought Mary as Hal describes the scene he just saw moments earlier. At this moment, a decision must be made: does the company asks its employees to take a job satisfaction survey, or does Mary stop the problem in its tracks by confronting Adrianne directly? The CEO and Mary decide to choose the later, ask Adrianne what is on her mind. After idle conversation the question is asked, â€Å"Is Tom Forsythe talking to you? And are these rumors true? After a few awkward minutes, the truth is reviled. No, Tom is not talking to Adrianne, but she is quite simply unhappy with the current working conditions, mainly from the higher-ups in the organization. Final decision:- From the above evidence we say that Sambian should establish an open-door policy so that employees know that they can talk to someone above their supervisors if they have a complaint. Helen must personally guarantee that feedback will be taken seriously. The employees might be experiencing an imbalance between work and life. The corporate culture should be clearly defined and the employees surveyed should analyze how far they are separated from the same. The employees also felt that there were inadequate career opportunities where they can grow. There was lack of recognition to their higher order needs. Jean Martin, executive director of the Corporate Leadership Council, gave the professional opinion of this article. According to her advice, the issue does not fall on â€Å"what† Mary is asking; it is â€Å"How† she asks it. It will be a harmful for a company when large groups of employees are migrating from it. In such situations, managers will be blamed. Not because they are doing a bad job and they failed to foresee this issue. But as a manager, it is important that they should conduct â€Å"audits† to make sure that their employees are happy. This is known as a â€Å"culture audit. â€Å"[1] It can prove be an effective way to combat these issues. Hence, a robust and clear HR processes is required to make these policies work within the company. References:- 1. Rene Schalk, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance   2. T. N. Krishnan, Employee Relations  ,2011 , Vol. 33, Issues: 5 3. Manuel London, Journal of Management Development  , 1986Volume: 5  Issue: 3 4. http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? issn=0967-0734&volume=18&issue=3&articleid=1864041&show=abstract 5. http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? issn=0967-0734&volume=18&issue=7 6. http://blcdocs. cox. smu. edu

However, the German people who were hungry and bitter wanted new faces, they wanted to see change

â€Å"The war was now lost,†1 a quote from General Ludendorff's evidence to a post war assembly. It was 1918 and Germany had been defeated. Kaiser Wilhelm had fled to Holland on the advice of General Ludendorff, who had also urged an armistice. To preserve the reputation of the military forces of Germany, Ludendorff wanted the creation of a civilian government, in the hope that a civilian government could take the blame for Germany's defeat, a revolution from above, to maintain the vision of a still, strong, military force. The country of Germany had to repair itself to survive. The old constitution had to change, not that it could be classed as old. Germany was a relatively new country, unified in 1871, but because of growing popular unrest and economic discontent, the hierarchy of Germany had to be seen as making changes for the benefit of the population. The age of monarchy was dissolved and replaced by a new civilian government. The new constitution would be known as the Weimar Constitution. The new constitution would embrace democracy, it would be an elected government, headed by a president, and elections were to be every seven years. The parliament was known as the Reichstag. All men and women over the age of twenty were entitled to vote. All Germans were deemed equal under the law. In consequence of this, professional people such as doctors, lawyers and teachers did not want to be equal to proletarians or the lumper proletarians, professional, middle class people believed they were better, why should the whole of society be given an education and opportunities. In addition, social rights were given to the people, such as, free speech, a country free of censorship, education for all, religious freedom, and the entitlement to negotiate for better working conditions as well as having protection from the state. Unfortunately, Germany was a conservative, traditional country, too much freedom all at once could be too much to cope with, progressive free liberties, introduced on a slower scale might have worked better. Fredrich Ebert was the leader of the social democratic party, who had the following of the majority of the people and in November 1918, was made the first chancellor of the new constitution. Included within the constitution was article 48, this article gave permission for the president to dissolve the Reichstag, and act on his own, with the aid of, if necessary, military force. Consequently it could be argued about who was actually in charge of the constitution, was it the representative assembly or the elected head of state. The elected president had the right to interfere with legislation; it seemed a contradiction of a democratic republic. This immediately throws into disarray the whole idea of a democracy, as well as according to a USPD deputy â€Å"if some henchmen of the Hohenzollerns (the royal family), a general perhaps were to be at the head of the Reich,†2 article 48 could be a weakness exploited by military men to use to their advantage as a military coup. Ebert needed the army on side, particularly to cease uprisings by the left wing. Ebert was a socialist but not a communist, neither to his favour was General Groener, who Ebert forged a deal with to win his support, Ebert would keep the authority of any existing officers, thus, the army would defend the new government so uprisings from the left were easily suppressed. This went against the constitution. The Left Wing unified with the extreme Right over this, because they saw it as a supression to prevent revolution from the middle classes. The KPD co-operated with the extreme Right in efforts to destroy the constitution. Furthermore, Ebert kept existing civil servants and members of the judiciary in their positions, keeping the people he needed to rely on in favourable positions. In addition to this, Ebert needed experienced people to try and keep the infa-structure of Germany on a stable footing. However, the German people who were hungry and bitter wanted new faces, they wanted to see change. To keep things as they were was not a democracy, according to an anonymous exiled SPD member, the German working class should have taken over the old state, to leave things unchanged was a grave historical error and not a good start to a new democratic, republican state. Many of he German people refused to accept the new constitution as being legitimate; these people were not used to as much freedom as was being promised. They were battered from the war and not ready for such a change. If the new constitution was going to be part of their lives, maybe initiating it alongside a monarchy would have been more successful in winning them over traditionalists and nationalists cannot be changed overnight. The first real threat for Weimar was The Treaty of Versailles in 1919†³Death rather than slavery,†3 quoted the nationalist newspaper, Duetsche Zeitung. The whole of Germany rejected the Treaty, but the constitution had no choice but to accept it,†There is no alternative to accepting the armistice terms. It is however, already apparent that these conditions will not produce a just peace. The sacrifices on us are tremendous; they must lead to our peoples doom,†3 Germany was brought to its knees by reparations, loss of territory, war guilt and the limitations of a reduced military force, which country would survive, historian A.Nicholls,4 (1979) sums up the Treaty and the impact on the Weimar republic, â€Å"Germany's economy was ruined by reparations and her security undermined. Much more serious was the political demoralisation which the treaty caused with in the Reich itself †¦ The real damage the treaty did to Germany was to disillusion the more moderate men who might otherwise have supported their new republic†¦The peace settlement continued to poison the political atmosphere in Germany for many years.†4 The Treaty helped the radical right wing political party's gain support and challenge the new Weimar republican government. The main right wing parties rejected the republic and its principles and wanted to destroy the democratic constitution and go back to a nationalist system, the signing of the Treaty only reinforced that the new government wasn't working for the people. The aim of the Right Wing was to abolish the constitution and instead have a conservative, authoritarian regime, unlike other conservative political parties in well-established democracies. It was in March 1920 that the first major problem from the Right occurred. A right wing coup named after its leader Kapp was initiated. It only failed due to a general strike. After marching on Berlin the governments troops refused to fire on the freikorps, the support for a democratic republic was not where the army's loyalties lay, after all it was only because of secret talks between Ebert and Groener, and the fact that Groener was only protecting his position that the army only HAD to support the new Republic, through orders of their commander, they did not support the republic voluntarily. The judiciary dealt with the people involved with Kapp leniently, showing that the judiciary was not in favour of a democratic country, they were still in favour of the old nationalist Germany. The Right wing consisted of the military, financial elites, state beurocracy, the educational system and some of the press. However, the Kapp Putsch did demonstrate weaknesses in the New Constitution, democracy in Germany lost its way, there was no political control over the military, the government could not enforce its authority even in its own capital; the government could not put down a challenge to its own authority and only because of mass power was government authority re- established. It wasn't due to support of the constitution that people supported a general strike. It was due to the fact that peace was more important than political beliefs and who would want a revolution in their town. In addition to this the failure of Kapp being brought to justice led to a spate of assinations committed by the Right Wing against supporters of the Weimar Constitution. Over 350 political murders took place between 1919 and 1923. Again the perpetrators were dealt with leniently, showing support for the nationalists, and the weak decision of keeping the same people in their jobs, â€Å"when the republic was created, these judges held over from the monarchy found it impossible to transfer their allegiance to the new organisation of the state†¦They created a private law and subverted (undermined) the public law of the Republic by refusing to administer justice in an equal manner to all people, â€Å"5Kurt Tucholsky, left wing satirist. Ebert was in an impossible situation, the Treaty was the major factor in undermining the democratic constitution, and money for the reparations had to be found, promises of a welfare state and a new age for Germany and the rebuilding of great German country seemed impossible. It was no fun for those having to live under the crippling conditions imposed by the Treaty. In addition to this, Ebert's new Republican foundations were established in debt from the reign of the Kaiser and the war; the country was already weak economically from the war. The only way to remedy a weak economy and pay off debts was through taxes and inflation. War cost, lack of confidence in the currency, reparations, trade deficit and the governments apparent solution to print more and more money, all led to an economic crisis. People on fixed incomes and the middle class lost out to hyperinflation. Whilst people with debts, mortgages, tradesmen, industrialists and estate agents benefited through hyperinflation. In addition to this, levels of unemployment were kept down and new, international investments were encouraged. Despite the negative effects of hyperinflation, workers were economically better off due to increased levels of economic activity. Unfortunately, the Weimar Republic weakened with hyperinflation due to ill health suffered by the population; this was the result of inflation-induced poverty, the new constitution was blamed for this, again injuring the constitution.†The savings, hopes, plans and assumptions and aspirations of huge numbers of people were swept away in a whirlwind†¦ Even when the worst material impact was over, the psychological shock of the experience was to have longer lasting effects, confirming a deep-seated dislike of democracy†6 In June 1920, the Weimar Constitution lost its majority. A constitution that had been run by coalition governments, needed that majority, other parties were dissatisfied with the constitution, and because none of the other party's gained 50% of the vote, unstable coalition governments ruled Germany. Add to this bickering and lack of agreement on both domestic and foreign policies, co-operation became lax and there were too many minorities and no majorities. Elections were built around suffering and proportional representation. What could be seen, as a strength was actually a weakness. Because everybody was allowed to vote, including extremists from the left and the right. Which meant that with proportional voting, that the minor parties got seats in the Reichstag, thus, disrupting proceedings and make the leading party and the constitution look weak. In conclusion the Weimar Republic looked on paper like a sure, fire hit but because of the introduction of democracy and no strong patriarchal leader problems were bound to arise. The Kaiser was much loved and respected by a traditional and loyal Germany, the Germans were confused. They were being promised greatness and security but because of the Treaty and the in -fighting the German people never saw what was promised. They only saw problem after problem. Ebert was a great statesman but circumstances prevented the constitution being a success, and it does take time for new ideas to begin to work, if the Treaty had never been signed by the countries involved Germany would have been great, maybe the blame should be put upon the USA, Italy, France and Britain. The new constitution never stood a chance.

Your role is to evaluate the significant progress and barriers to achieving one of these pillars. Based on iata’s four pillar strategy

Abstract The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has the difficult task of creating a sustainable and long term agenda that enables the aviation authority to develop a set or rules and regulations that not only supports the global aviation authority, but also deals with the growing concerns in relation to the environmental impact. As part of this, the governments of the United Nations came together to agree on the course of action as part of the 38th Assembly of the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organisation, where a cohesive agreement was put in place to tackle climate changes by the aviation industry. This commitment has had a dramatic impact on the airline industry and has targeted a variety of different aspects of the industry, in order to put in place targets and requirements to conform with and guidelines to assist in this process (International Civil Aviation Organisation, 2006). Pillars and Economic Measures Overview The IATA accounts for 240 member airlines and is therefore relatively widespread and can at least be seen as a means of creating a co-ordinated effort, without one country being at a disadvantage (. As part of this initiative, there were several widespread industry goals to achieve, in the medium to long term. One of these is to improve fuel efficiency by approximately 1.5%, every year up to 2020. Secondly, there was the aim o f capping CO2 emissions from 2020 and to cut the CO2 emissions in half by the year 2050 (International Climate Change Taskforce 2005). As background to the four pillars which make up the areas of proposed improvement is the recognition that air transport accounts for around 2% of the manmade emissions of CO2, across the globe; this therefore shows the importance of the aviation industry. Emissions in fact grew in 2012 by 1.4%, but this could be largely attributed to the 2.7% capacity increase, when combined with efficiency savings. The purpose of this paper is to look at the pillars very briefly, before focusing on one of these pillars and considering the impact that this has had on the aviation industry. Consideration will be given to the pillar under analysis and, through the use of a PESTLE analysis, the impact on the industry will then be looked at with a view to identifying how this can be improved for all parties, in the future. As part of the agenda for change, four pillars were identified that needed to be targeted in the long run. These were technology, operations, infrastructure and economic measures. For the purposes of the analysis here, the economic measures will be looked at in conjunction with understanding the challenges faced by the aviation industry, in order to meet with these economic measures, but also to retain a commercially viable offering, in keeping with the pressures on the economy, as a whole. The other measures such as infrastructure, technology and operations will all have a direct impact on the industry, for example, the governments are required to consider the better approach to structuring the aviation industry, so that it is easier to create efficiencies. This could include the relocation of airports, or the storage associated with commercial airlines, so as to reduce the amount of trade required to these sites. For some companies, this presents a real opportunity, as they are able to gain access to new routes and increased efficiencies, but for others, it may be a challenge when it comes to redirecting routes or being able to maintain its budget approach, by virtue of the airport routes (nternational Civil Aviation Organisation 2004). The issue here, however, is in relation to the economic measures and restrictions that are placed on the industry. This is recognised as being an approach that may be necessary as a result of a failure in one of the three other pillars. The economic measures are therefore seen as measures of last resort, where it is necessary for the industry to put in place restrictions that are operable across the entire industry and create a co-ordinated approach that is cost effective (Hartzell 2006). This would mean that airlines would only be accountable once, but would be required to comply with these central standards. PESTLE Analysis (Political Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal) In order to consider this pillar further, as well as the potential barriers to its implementation, a PESTLE analysis of the industry will be undertaken, with specific reference to the challenges now being presented as a result of the economic measures. This will offer a real understanding of the reasons why the measures might fail. This will ultimately then allow for possible solutions to be ascertained and put forward for the future.PoliticalThere is a great deal of political pressure on the aviation industry to conform (and be seen to conform) with these international requirements. Individual companies within the aviation industry are required to ensure that they keep records, make efforts to comply and are able to accurately state their position and plans to reduce their environmental impact (T&E/CAN-Europe 2006). Governments, as they have signed up to the agreement, are now also putting in place their own requirements for those within the aviation industry, such as the need to re port on CO2 emissions and their carbon footprints, as part of their annual report, again placing political pressures on the company itself. Furthermore, the political pressure on the government in question is reflected in the need for the overall structure to change. As part of this, however, there are incentives being offered including grants to purchase new more efficient aircrafts and the ability to gain rewards for those organisations that are particularly efficient environmentally. Despite this, there is no one overall coherent situation which presents a real challenge for the airline industry, in terms of planning for the future (Jowett,2005).EconomicThe airline industry is facing a substantial economic challenge, aside from that attached to the four pillars of climate change. With more families facing financial pressures, there is a likely reduction in the amount of travel for leisure purposes and an increasing desire for families to consider cheaper alternatives, or at least to look for cheaper options, such as budget airlines or less popular routes. Alongside this, there have been challenges to the bottom line, due to increasing fuel costs and the threat of fines from the Environment Agency, if they are unable to comply with carbon emission limits. Furthermore, other governmental requirements have been placed on the industry in relation to the need to have additional security and whilst this is not directly limited to the environmental measures, it is another indication of the way in which the government is impacting and restricting the economic freedom of the industry (The Observer 2005).SocialFamilies are becoming considerably more widespread, with regular foreign holidays becoming increasingly popular. This and an increasing global approach to the sale of goods and products also increase the demand for cost effective transport. This is potentially in direct conflict with the demands being placed on organisations to ensure that they comply with envi ronmental standards. On the whole, however, it is suggested that the public in general will support the agenda of increasing the interest in environmental impact, thus providing an opportunity for companies to use this as a selling point to the public, particularly if they exceed the standards being set (Lee 2004) .TechnologicalThis is a pillar in itself, showing a recognition that technology provides real opportunities within the airline industry, both to create overall efficiencies, but also to deal with the environmental concerns that arise currently. The technology force is seen to be two fold. Technology can be used to create efficiencies, for example, to plan routes and to determine the most appropriate way of providing the end service (The Guardian 2006). Automation and factors such as checking in passengers all offer efficiency saving options, but the main issue here is that technology allows for issues such as carbon emissions to be monitored more actively and this can then be used to manage the progress of a company and as a means of looking for improvements for the future (Graham 2000).EnvironmentalThe very essence of the issues being considered here is the increasing demands being placed on all industries to consider the environmental impact that they are having, both locally and globally. The airline industry is a particularly vast, due to the heavy environmental impact that it has, on a global level, and as such it is then necessary to comply with the standards agreed by the various different governments, during the recent IATA conference (Owen and Lee 2006). Having an enforced standard is therefore going to place a burden on the airline industries, although also potentially offers opportunities, as the governments look at ways of creating incentives to match the targets being placed on the industry to improve its position and also to use this as a means of gaining a good PR story and being seen to be environmentally conscious.LegalLegal requirements relating to environmental performance are becoming increasingly stringent, in the UK, with the government now looking to enforce certain behaviours on the industry. Other areas of legal scrutiny are also increasing the pressure on the industry; however, for the purposes of this analysis, it is noted that the main concern is the legal requirement on companies to report their status on their environmental capability and also to ensure that they remain aware of the future demands, so that investment can be made, as and when, rather than being a substantial financial burden, at a point in the fut ure (Green Skies Alliances 2006). Any failures in this area could result in costly and time consuming legal battles and may ultimately result in the fining of the company by agencies such as the Environment Agency. Barriers and Possible Solutions By looking at the issues above and the focus that is now being shown by the IATA on economic measures, as well as the impact that this is having on the airline industry, as a whole, there are some obvious barriers to these measures being successful. Firstly, there is the need to identify that, whilst there has been a co-operative approach to the climate change agenda, there is no one coherent system in place. This creates difficulties for both individual governments when it comes to creating a set of rules and regulations that are compliant with the overall standards, but are also relevant to the individual country. A potential solution to this barrier would be the need to offer greater flexibility to the individual jurisdictions to aim towards the overall goals, but without being too prescriptive in their approach (Trucost 2004). Secondly, a real barrier that is being faced is the fact that the airline industry is facing a variety of challenges, as it currently stands and therefore adding pressures to this is not going to work well with the industry, in terms of gaining acceptance. It is suggested, therefore, that although there need to be fines and restrictions put in place, a greater emphasis also needs to be put on the incentives and encouragement of the airline industry to behave in a certain way; for example, by allowing those companies which exceed their standards to gain a financial benefit, or by offering grants when the companies are considering making environmentally friendly improvements (Sewill 2003). Finally, it is suggested that one of the man barriers is that companies simply do not see a benefit being derived and therefore environmental restrictions are seen as being very negative to their current bottom line. A way of combating this would therefore be to assist companies in deriving a benefit from these restrictions; for example, by offering a grading that the company can then publicise and use as part of its marketing. The consumer public, as a whole, supports the idea of becoming more environmentally friendly and, as such, a method whereby the airline industry can gain a positive branding from complying with standards will be a way of offering an incentive and gaining more positive support, rather than being viewed as something that simply must be complied with. References Graham A (2000) Demand for leisure travel and limits to growth. Journal of Air Transport Management 6, pp109–118. Green Skies Alliance (10/7/06) Leaked Government report sets out alarming growth in air travel emissions. Pressrelease. Hartzell J (Aug 2006) Carbon offsets. Internal Paper, Ethical Property Company, Oxford. International Civil Aviation Organisation (Feb 2004) Operational opportunities to minimise fuel use and reduce emissions. ICAO Circular 303-AN/176. International Civil Aviation Organisation (Mar 2006) ATM-related environmental activities.Working paper ALLPIRG/5-WP/21. International Climate Change Taskforce (Jan 2005) Meeting the climate challenge: Recommendations of the International Climate Change Taskforce. IPPR, London. Jowett, K. (Nov 2005) Flights of fancy over aircraft pollution. Article in Transport Times. Lee D (2004) The science of aviation induced climate change. Proceedings of the UK Energy Research Centre, ‘Workable metrics for the EU emissions trading scheme’.Lee D (2006 Owen B and Lee D (Mar 2006) Allocation of international aviation emissions from scheduled air traffic – future cases, 2005–2050 (Report 3). Manchester Metropolitan University Centre for Air Transport and the Environment, Final report to DEFRA Global Atmosphere Division, Sewill B (Feb 2003) The Hidden Cost of Flying, Aviation Environment Federation, London. T&E/CAN-Europe (2006) Clearing the air: the myth and reality of aviation and climate change. T&E 06/2, Brussels. The Guardian (27/1/06) Passengers abandon northern flights for Virgin’s high-speed west coast tilting Pendolinos. The Guardian (22/2/06) Most Britons willing to pay green taxes to save the environment. Report based on a poll 17–19 Feb 2006. The Observer (26/6/05) Britain backs curb on cheap flights. Report based on a poll 10–12 June 2005. Trucost (Mar 2004) Emissions trading and European Aviation – the effects of incorporating aviation into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, London